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    Attached Growth

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    Dini Aryanti
    This document provides an overview of the components and processes involved in biological wastewater treatment using attached growth systems like trickling filters. It describes the basic components and flow of wastewater through preliminary treatment, primary clarification, attached growth biological treatment using trickling filters or rotating biological contactors, and secondary clarification before disinfection and discharge. It also provides details on design considerations for trickling filters, including pretreatment requirements, filter media selection, hydraulic and organic loading rates, recirculation ratios, and equations for calculating treatment efficiency.

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    Attached Growth

    Uploaded by

    Dini Aryanti
    143 views42 pages
    This document provides an overview of the components and processes involved in biological wastewater treatment using attached growth systems like trickling filters. It describes the basic components and flow of wastewater through preliminary treatment, primary clarification, attached growth biological treatment using trickling filters or rotating biological contactors, and secondary clarification before disinfection and discharge. It also provides details on design considerations for trickling filters, including pretreatment requirements, filter media selection, hydraulic and organic loading rates, recirculation ratios, and equations for calculating treatment efficiency.

    Original Description:

    biological process of wastewater

    Original Title

    attached growth

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    This document provides an overview of the components and processes involved in biological wastewater treatment using attached growth systems like trickling filters. It describes the basic components and flow of wastewater through preliminary treatment, primary clarification, attached growth biological treatment using trickling filters or rotating biological contactors, and secondary clarification before disinfection and discharge. It also provides details on design considerations for trickling filters, including pretreatment requirements, filter media selection, hydraulic and organic loading rates, recirculation ratios, and equations for calculating treatment efficiency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    143 views42 pages

    Attached Growth

    Uploaded by

    Dini Aryanti
    This document provides an overview of the components and processes involved in biological wastewater treatment using attached growth systems like trickling filters. It describes the basic components and flow of wastewater through preliminary treatment, primary clarification, attached growth biological treatment using trickling filters or rotating biological contactors, and secondary clarification before disinfection and discharge. It also provides details on design considerations for trickling filters, including pretreatment requirements, filter media selection, hydraulic and organic loading rates, recirculation ratios, and equations for calculating treatment efficiency.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 42

    General overview of plant components

    Raw Wastewater Influent

    PRELIMINARY

    Preliminary Residuals

    PRIMARY

    (i.e., grit, rags, etc.)


    Clarifier

    SECONDARY
    Usually to Landfill

    B Primary Sludge

    Biological
    Treatment
    System

    Wastewater
    Treatment
    Residuals

    Clarifier
    Clarifier

    C Secondary Sludge
    Biosolids
    Processing
    and Disposal

    (e.g., attached-grwoth
    Suspended-Growth,
    Constructed Wetland, etc.)

    DISINFECTION

    Clean Wastewater Effluent


    Discharge to Receiving Waters

    Biological wastewater (WW) treatment


    To remove the suspended solids & the dissolved
    organic load from the WW by using microbial
    populations.
    The microorganisms are responsible for
    degradation of the organic matter
    they can be classified into
    aerobic (require oxygen for their metabolism)
    anaerobic (grow in absence of oxygen)
    facultative (can proliferate either in absence or presence of
    oxygen).

    Biological wastewater (WW) treatment


    If the micro-organisms are suspended in the WW during
    biological operation
    suspended growth processes
    Recycling of settled biomass is required.
    While the micro-organisms that are attached to a surface
    over which they grow
    attached growth processes
    The biomass attached to media (ex. rock, plastic,
    wood)
    Recycling of settled biomass is not required.

    Attached Growth Process


    What can this process do?
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.

    Remove Nutrient
    Remove dissolved organic solids
    Remove suspended organic solids
    Remove suspended solids

    Cross-section of an attached
    growth biomass film
    Oxygen (the natural or forced draft)

    Wastewater
    Organic/ nutrient
    Biomass : viscous, jelly-like substance containing bacteria
    filter media

    Attached Growth Process


    Trickling filter (TF)
    Rotating biological contactor (RBC)

    Trickling Filter (TF)- side view


    rotating distributor arms

    Packing
    media

    Underdrain
    Wastewater

    TF consists of:
    A rotating arm that sprays
    wastewater over a filter
    medium.
    Filter medium: rocks, plastic,
    or other material.
    The water is collected at the
    bottom of the filter for further
    treatment.

    Trickling Filter Process

    Design consideration

    Influent wastewater characteristics


    Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal).
    Temperature range of applied wastewater
    Pretreatment processes
    Type of filter media
    Recirculation rate
    Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter
    Underdrainage and ventilation systems

    Trickling Filter (TF)- side view


    rotating distributor arms

    Packing
    media

    Underdrain
    Wastewater

    TF consists of:
    A rotating arm that sprays
    wastewater over a filter
    medium.
    Filter medium: rocks, plastic,
    or other material.
    The water is collected at the
    bottom of the filter for further
    treatment.

    Design consideration - Pretreatment


    Trickling filters shall be preceded by primary clarifiers
    equipped with scum and grease collecting devices, or
    other suitable pretreatment facilities.
    If fine screening is provided the screen size shall have
    from 0.03 to 0.06 inch openings.
    Bar screens are not suitable as the sole means of
    primary treatment.

    Design consideration

    Influent wastewater characteristics


    Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal).
    Temperature range of applied wastewater
    Pretreatment processes
    Type of filter media
    Recirculation rate
    Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter
    Underdrainage and ventilation systems

    Filter media
    Crushed rock

    Durable & insoluble


    Locally available
    But, reduce the void spaces for passage of air
    Less surface area per volume for biological growth

    Plastic media
    Random packing media
    Modular packing media

    Filter media

    Cross-flow

    Tubular

    Pall rings

    Schematic diagrams of modular and random packed media used in


    fixed-film treatment systems (Source: Bordacs and Young, 1998)

    Design consideration - Filter media


    The ideal filter packing is material that
    has a high surface area per unit of volume
    is low in cost
    has a high durability
    has a high enough porosity so that clogging is
    minimized
    provides good air circulation

    Design consideration

    Influent wastewater characteristics


    Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal).
    Temperature range of applied wastewater
    Pretreatment processes
    Type of filter media
    Recirculation rate
    Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter
    Underdrainage and ventilation systems

    Flow Diagram for Trickling Filters


    Recirculation= A portion of the TF effluent recycled through the filter
    Recirculation ratio (R) = returned flow (Qr)/ influent flow (Q)
    Recycle

    Qr
    Final
    clarifier

    Final
    effluent

    Influent

    Primary
    clarifier

    Trickling
    filter

    Waste
    sludge

    Trickling Filter Process

    Design consideration - Recirculation


    Why is recirculation required?

    maintain constant wetting rate


    dilute toxic wastes
    increase air flow
    recirculation flow dilutes the strength of raw
    wastewater & allows untreated wastewater to be
    passes through the filter more than once.

    A common range for recirculation ratio


    0.5~3.0

    Single stage
    a.

    b.

    c.

    PC

    PC

    PC

    TF

    TF

    TF

    SC

    SC

    SC

    Two stage
    PC

    TF

    PC

    TF

    PC

    TF

    SC

    TF

    SC

    SC

    TF

    TF

    SC

    SC

    Design consideration

    Influent wastewater characteristics


    Degree of treatment anticipated (BOD & TSS removal).
    Temperature range of applied wastewater
    Pretreatment processes
    Type of filter media
    Recirculation rate
    Hydraulic and organic loadings applied to the filter
    Underdrainage and ventilation systems

    Underdrain System
    Two purposes:
    (a) to carry the filtered wastewater and the biomass
    lump (sloughed solids) from the filter to the final
    clarification process
    (b) to provide for ventilation of the filter to maintain
    aerobic conditions.
    The underdrain system is generally designed to flow onethird to one-half full to permit ventilation of the system.

    Ventilation systems
    In TF system,
    Air is supplied by natural draft or forced draft fan.
    The forced draft fans have been applied in order
    to provide the adequate oxygen.

    Stone media filter

    Stone media TF design


    Organic (BOD) loading rate:
    Expressed as kg/m3/d
    Typically, 0.320-0.640 kg/m3/d for single-stage filters
    Typically, 0.640-0.960 kg/m3/d for two-stage filters
    Ex) Influent BOD =200mg/L, influent flow = 1.8 ML/d,
    diameter of the filter is 16 m & the depth of the filter is
    2m. Calculate the organic loading rate.

    Stone media TF design


    Hydraulic loading rate:
    m3 wastewater/m2 filter*d
    the rate of total influent flow is applied to the surface of
    the filter media
    Total influent flow = the raw WW + recirculated flow
    Typically, 9.4 m3/m2/d
    Maximum, 28 m3/m2/d
    Ex) Influent flow = 8.5ML/d, the recirculation ratio is
    2:1. Diameter of the filter is 16 m & the depth of the
    filter is 2m. Calculate the hydraulic loading rate.

    Stone media TF design


    NRC (national research council) formula

    E1

    100
    w1
    1 0.4432
    VF

    First stage or single stage

    where:
    E1 = BOD removal efficiency for first-stage filter at 20oC, %
    w1 = BOD load applied, kg/day
    V = volume of filter media, m3
    F = recirculation factor

    Stone media TF design


    NRC formula

    100
    E2
    0.4432 w2
    1
    1 E1 VF

    Second stage

    Where:
    E2 = BOD removal efficiency for second-stage filter at 20oC, %
    E1 = fraction of BOD removal in the first-stage filter
    w2 = BOD load applied, kg/day
    V = volume of filter media, m3
    F = recirculation factor

    Stone media TF design


    NRC formula

    1 R
    F
    2
    (1 R / 10)
    where:
    F = recirculation factor
    R = recycle ratio

    Stone media TF design


    The effect of temperature on the BOD removal
    efficiency

    ET E20 (1.035)

    T 20

    where:
    ET = BOD removal efficiency at ToC, %
    E20 = BOD removal efficiency at 20oC, %

    Stone media TF design


    Example 1
    Calculate the BOD loading, hydraulic loading, BOD
    removal efficiency, and effluent BOD concentration of a
    single-stage trickling filter based on the following data:
    Design assumptions:

    Influent flow =1530 m3/d


    Recirculation ratio = 0.5
    Primary effluent BOD = 130 mg/L
    Diameter of filter = 18 m
    Depth of media = 2.1 m
    Water temperature =18oC

    Stone media TF design


    Example 2
    A municipal wastewater having a BOD of 200 mg/L is to
    be treated by a two-stage trickling filter. The desired
    effluent quality is 25 mg/L of BOD. If both of the filter
    depths are to be 1.83 m and the recirculation ratio is 2:1,
    find the required filter diameters. Assume the
    following design assumptions apply.
    Design assumptions:

    Influent flow =7570 m 3/d


    Recirculation ratio = 2
    Depth of media = 1.83 m
    Water temperature =20oC
    BOD removal in primary sedimentation = 35%
    E1=E2

    Stone media TF design


    Example 2

    BOD=200mg/L

    E1

    Primary
    Clarifier

    100
    w1
    1 0.4432
    VF

    TF1

    TF2

    Secondary BOD=25mg/L
    Clarifier

    100
    E2
    0.4432 w2
    1
    1 E1 VF

    Plastic media

    Plastic media
    Schulze formula
    The liquid contact time (t) of applied wastewater

    CD
    t n
    q
    Where:
    t = liquid contact time, min
    D= depth of media (m)
    q = hydraulic loading, (m3/m2/h)
    C, n = constants related to specific surface &
    configuration of media

    Plastic media
    hydraulic loading (q)
    Q
    q
    A
    Where:
    Q= influent flow rate L/min
    A=filter cross section area m2

    Plastic media TF design


    Schulze formula

    Se
    ( kD / q n )
    e
    So
    Where:
    Se= BOD concentration of settled filter effluent, mg/L
    So= influent BOD concentration to the filter, mg/L
    k=wastewater treatability and packing coefficient, (L/s)0.5/m2
    D=packing depth, m
    q= hydraulic application rate of primary effluent, excluding recirculation, L/m2*s
    n=constant characteristic of packing used (assumed to be 0.5).

    Plastic media TF design


    Example 3
    Given the following design flow rates and primary effluent wastewater
    characteristics, determine the following design parameters for a
    trickling filter design assuming 2 reactors at 6.1 m depth, cross-flow
    plastic packing with a specific surface area of 90 m2/m3, a packing
    coefficient n value of 0.5, & a 2-arm distributor system. The required
    minimum wetting rate=0.5L/m2*s. Assume a secondary clarifier depth
    of 4.2m and k value is 0.187.
    Design conditions
    Item

    unit

    Primary effluent

    Flow

    m3/d

    15,140

    BOD

    mg/L

    125

    20

    TSS

    mg/L

    65

    20

    Temp

    14

    Target effluent

    Plastic media TF design


    Example 3
    Using the information presented in
    the previous slide, determine:
    Diameter of TF
    Volume of packing required.
    Recirculation rate required

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