Bmm2613 Computer Aided Design Fundamentals of Technical Drawing

BMM2613 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Chapter 2
Fundamentals of Technical Drawing
Sub-Chapter: 2.1
Orthogonal projection
After studying this chapter and working on the problems you should be
able to do the following:
1.Understand the principles of the first and third angle orthogonal
projection.
2.Produce a detailed orthogonal drawing of a component including all
information necessary for its manufacture.
6-2
What is Orthogonal
Projection?
Graphic communication has many
forms. Orthographic is one such form.
All objects have 3 dimensions length,
breadth and depth.
Orthographic projection is a means
of representing a three-dimensional
(3D) object in two dimensions (2D).
What is Orthogonal
Projection?
Usually a front, side and plan view
are drawn so that a person looking
at the drawing can see all the
important sides.
Orthographic drawings are useful
especially when a design has been
developed to a stage whereby it is
almost ready to manufacture.
What is Orthogonal
Projection?
The views are positioned relative to
each other according to either of two
schemes:
First-angle
Third-angle
First-Angle projection:
The object placed in the first quadrant.
Third-Angle projection:
The object placed in the third quadrant.
First-Angle Projection
Third-Angle Projection
Orthographic Symbol
Difference between First-Angle and

Third-Angle Views
First Angle
Third Angle
Alignment of Views
Align views with each other as this reduces the
number of dimensions required as the views are
shared between different projections.
Remember - Six Principal

Views
How to sketch ?
1.
How to sketch ?
1.
How to sketch ?
Exercise on Sketching
Sketch the drawing below
Exercise on Sketching
Sketch the drawing below
DRAW IN 3RD & 1ST AGLE

PROJECTION
FRONT
FRONT
Subchapter 1.4:
Geometry Construction
Todays Objectives:
In-Class Activities:
Apply the knowledge

of geometry
construction.
Draw out:
Circles
Regular Hexagon
Ellipse
Polygon
Helix
Circles
The circle as a basic form is extremely

important in technical drawing. It is drawn with
a compass. First, the center point of the circle is
marked by the centerline crossing. Then the
compass point is placed in the center point and
the circular line is drawn.
Bisection of a Distance AB, or

Establishing Vertical Center
Line
Draw circular arcs of an equal radius around A

and B. The points of intersection are C and D.
The connection line CD is the asked vertical
centerline. It bisects the distance AB in E.
Bisection of Any Angle
Draw a circular arc around the angle point S,

that cuts the sides of the angle. The points of
intersection are A and B.
Draw circular arcs of equal radius around A and
B that meet each other in C.
The connection line CS bisects the angle.
Determination of The Center Point M

of a Circle.
Draw two chords through the circle that are

approximately right angled to each other. Note: A chord is
a distance that connects two points of a curved line.
Establish the mid-perpendiculars on the chords
(construction: see bisection of a distance AB, or
establishing a mid- perpendiculars).
The intersection of the mid-perpendiculars is the center
point M.
Construction of a Regular Hexagon
The wrench-size SW is marked in mm.

Draw a circle around the center point M with half of the
wrench-size as dimension for the radius. The intersections
of the circle with the horizontal centerline are A and B.
Draw circular arcs with the same radius around A and B.
The intersections of the horizontal centerline are C and 0,
those of the circle are E, F, G and H.
Connect C with E and F, as well as 0 with G and H and
establish vertical lines in A and B.
Connecting Circles and Straight Lines
Two straight lines running towards each other in a right,

acute or obtuse angle are to be connected with a circular
are with the radius R.
The compass insertion point M is found when parallel

lines with the distance of R are drawn to the initial lines
until they meet.
If a perpendicular line is drawn from M to the two initial

lines, the intersection marks the joining of the circular arc
and the straight lines.
Remarks for technical drawing:
The transition from the circular arc to the straight line

may be well performed, if the circular arc is drawn first
and followed by the straight lines.
Should a circle be connected with a straight line through

a circular arc with the radius R, a circular arc must be
drawn around the center point M1 of the circle with a
radius of R1 + R and parallel line to the straight line with
a distance of R. The parallel line and the circular arc
intersect at M, the compass insertion point.
If two circles are to be connected by a circular arc, a

circular arc with a radius of R1 + R is drawn around M,
and a circular arc with a radius of Rz + R is drawn around.
The circular arcs intersect at M.
Figure 5.11
5-34
Figure 5.12
5-35
Figure 5.13
5-36
Figure 5.22
5-37
Isometric view with full

dimension
Positioning of views
Construction View
Complete View
Subchapter 2.2:
Sectional View
Todays Objectives:
In-Class Activities:
Understand the types of

the sectional views.
Distinguish the types

of
the sectional views.
Sectional View
Objective
To improve visualization of
interior
features.
Sectional View
Section views are used when
important hidden details are in
the interior of an object.
These details appear as hidden
lines in one of the orthographic
principal views; therefore, their
shapes are not very well
described by pure orthographic
projection.
Cutting Plane
Section views show how an object would
look if a cutting plane (or saw) cut
through the object and the material in
front of the cutting plane was discarded.
Section Lines
Section lines (crosshatching) are
used to show where the cutting
plane passed through solid material.
Types Of Sectional View

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Full sections view

Half sections view
Offset sections view
Revolved sections view
Removed sections view
Broken-out sections view
Full Sections View

In a full section view, the cutting
plane cuts across the entire object.
Note that hidden lines become
visible in a section view.
Hidden Lines
are Visible
Full Sections View

Shows cutting plane in the top view.
Makes a full section on the front view.
Full Sections View

Note how the cutting
plane is drawn and how
the crosshatching lines
mark the surfaces of
material cut by the
cutting plane.
No hidden lines on the
section view, if possible.
Visible lines
omitted
Incorrect
Note: Interior lines

behind cutting plane
became visible.
Correct
Full Section
Half Sections View

The cutting planes do not cut all the way
through to the object. They cut only half
way. They intersect at the centerline.
Half Sections View

Half sections
used mainly for
symmetric
objects.
Half Section
Offset Sections View

Offset sections are used to show interior
features that do not lie along a straight line.
Offset Sections View
Offset Section
Revolved Sections View

Revolved
sections
examples
show the
shape of an
objects
cross-section
superimpose
d on a
longitudinal
view.
Removed Sections View

Removed
sections are like
revolved sections
but moved aside.
Note how they
are named.
Section BB
A
Section AA
B
B
Section C- C
C
Broken Out
Sections
a
A
a
A

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BMM2613 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Difference between First-Angle and

Remember - Six Principal

DRAW IN 3RD & 1ST AGLE

Apply the knowledge

The circle as a basic form is extremely

Bisection of a Distance AB, or

Draw circular arcs of an equal radius around A

Bisection of Any Angle

Draw a circular arc around the angle point S,

Determination of The Center Point M

Draw two chords through the circle that are

Construction of a Regular Hexagon

The wrench-size SW is marked in mm.

Connecting Circles and Straight Lines

Two straight lines running towards each other in a right,

The compass insertion point M is found when parallel

If a perpendicular line is drawn from M to the two initial

Remarks for technical drawing:

The transition from the circular arc to the straight line

Should a circle be connected with a straight line through

If two circles are to be connected by a circular arc, a

Isometric view with full

Understand the types of

Distinguish the types

Types Of Sectional View

Full sections view

Full Sections View

Full Sections View

Full Sections View

Note: Interior lines

Half Sections View

Half Sections View

Offset Sections View

Offset Sections View

Revolved Sections View

Removed Sections View

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