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    1 Desalter

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    bakhtyar21
    Crude oil desalting is the first processing step in a refinery where salts and solids are removed from crude oil before distillation. It involves emulsifying crude oil with water using mixing valves and chemicals to wash out dissolved and suspended salts. This reduces corrosion, fouling, and equipment issues. Desalting typically removes over 90% of salts using single-stage or multi-stage desalters through gravitational separation of water from desalted crude oil. Operating conditions like temperature, water-oil ratio, and pH level are optimized according to the crude properties to efficiently separate salt from crude.

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    1 Desalter

    Uploaded by

    bakhtyar21
    76 views20 pages
    Crude oil desalting is the first processing step in a refinery where salts and solids are removed from crude oil before distillation. It involves emulsifying crude oil with water using mixing valves and chemicals to wash out dissolved and suspended salts. This reduces corrosion, fouling, and equipment issues. Desalting typically removes over 90% of salts using single-stage or multi-stage desalters through gravitational separation of water from desalted crude oil. Operating conditions like temperature, water-oil ratio, and pH level are optimized according to the crude properties to efficiently separate salt from crude.

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    Desalter

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    1-Desalter

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    Crude oil desalting is the first processing step in a refinery where salts and solids are removed from crude oil before distillation. It involves emulsifying crude oil with water using mixing valves and chemicals to wash out dissolved and suspended salts. This reduces corrosion, fouling, and equipment issues. Desalting typically removes over 90% of salts using single-stage or multi-stage desalters through gravitational separation of water from desalted crude oil. Operating conditions like temperature, water-oil ratio, and pH level are optimized according to the crude properties to efficiently separate salt from crude.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    76 views20 pages

    1 Desalter

    Uploaded by

    bakhtyar21
    Crude oil desalting is the first processing step in a refinery where salts and solids are removed from crude oil before distillation. It involves emulsifying crude oil with water using mixing valves and chemicals to wash out dissolved and suspended salts. This reduces corrosion, fouling, and equipment issues. Desalting typically removes over 90% of salts using single-stage or multi-stage desalters through gravitational separation of water from desalted crude oil. Operating conditions like temperature, water-oil ratio, and pH level are optimized according to the crude properties to efficiently separate salt from crude.

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    of 20

    CRUDE OIL

    DESALTING

    DR.Hemdan

    CRUDE OIL
    DESALTING

    DR.Hemdan

    Crude Oil Desalting: Salts are distributed in crude oil as brine (Nacl)
    Defects of Salts are:
    -Cause plugging of heat exchangers tubes.
    -Cause deposits in pipe still tubes (furnaces)
    and consequently cause .
    -Decrease in heat transfer coefficient.
    -Create pressure drop which affects on
    pumps.
    Salts may reach up to 260 PTb each 100 PTb cause
    deposits of about 3 ft/day .
    Salts should be removed before distillation tower where
    these salts liberate HCL gas which cause many
    corrosion problems .
    DR.Hemdan

    DR.Hemdan

    Problems of oleophobics
    -Corrosion due to hydrolysis of salts .
    -Increase consumption of NH3 to
    neutralize HCL
    -Erosion .
    -Plugging of Equipment and fouling .
    -Trace metals in distillates which acts as
    catalyst poisoning
    DR.Hemdan

    Crude desalting is the first processing step in a refinery .


    The objectives of crude desalting are :
    1-the removal of salts and solids
    2- the formation water from unrefined crude oil before
    the crude is introduced in the crude distillation unit .
    3-removal of suspended solids from the crude oil.
    4-Reduced equipment fouling and corrosion and
    5-longer catalyst life
    DR.Hemdan

    DR.Hemdan

    DR.Hemdan

    SINGLE-STAGE DESALTER

    Demulsifier

    Feed Oil

    Desalted
    Crude

    Heat
    Exchangers

    Desalter
    Mix
    Valve

    Water
    Effluent Water
    ..

    DR.Hemdan

    Two-Stage Desalter Example


    Desalted Crude
    (0.5 PTB, 0.2% BS&W)

    1st Stage Crude Outlet


    (5.0 PTB, 0.2% BS&W)

    2nd Stage Desalter

    1st Stage Desalter


    Mix
    Valve

    Mix
    Valve

    Crude Charge
    (100 PTB, 1% BS&W)

    5.8% Effluent Water


    5.0%

    Figure 2

    2nd Stage Effluent Water


    is 1st Stage Wash Water
    DR.Hemdan

    5.0% Wash Water


    Counter-current flow
    10

    MULTI-STAGE DESALTING
    SERIES: Maximize Desalting Efficiency
    10ppm
    salt out

    1
    Stage
    Heat
    Exchangers
    st

    100ppm
    salt in
    Feed
    Oil
    Water

    Mix Valve

    2nd
    Stage

    Desalted
    Crude
    1ppm
    salt out

    Mix Valve

    Effluent
    Water

    Overall Efficiency = (100 - 1) / 100 = 99%


    DR.Hemdan

    11

    MULTI-STAGE DESALTING
    PARALLEL:
    Maximize Throughput

    Desalted
    Crude
    Mix Valves

    Heat
    Exchangers
    Feed Oil
    Water

    DR.Hemdan

    Effluent Water

    12

    Pure water and NaOH is added to the


    desalter
    Some deemulsifier may be added to break
    forces between salts and the oil
    In electrostatic precipitator applied voltage
    up to 30KV
    Salt drops coalesce together and form
    larger drops which separated down to the
    bottom of desalter
    Salt removal reach to about 90%
    DR.Hemdan

    13

    It is necessary to adjust the pH of the brine to


    obtain a value of 7 or less.
    If the pH of the brine exceeds 7, emulsions are
    formed because of the presence of sodium
    naphthenate and sodium sulfide.
    For most crude oils, it is desirable to keep the
    pH below 8.
    Better dehydration is obtained in electrical
    desalters when they are operated at a pH of 6.
    The pH is controlled by the addition of acid to
    the incoming or recycle water.
    DR.Hemdan

    14

    The trend toward running heavier crude


    oils has increased the importance of
    efficient desalting of crudes. Until recently,
    the criterion for desalting crude oils was
    10 lb salt/1000 bbl (expressed as NaCl) or
    more, but now many companies desalt all
    crude oils.

    DR.Hemdan

    15

    Salt in the crude oil is in the form of


    dissolved or suspended salt crystals in
    water emulsified with the crude oil.
    The basic process of desalting is to wash
    the salt from crude oil with water.
    Problems occur are:
    1-inefficient and economical water/oil mixing,
    2-water wetting of suspended solids, and
    3-separation of oil from wash water
    DR.Hemdan

    16

    The separation of oil and washwater i.e


    desalter performance is affected by :
    1-the gravity
    2-viscosity
    3-pH of the crude oil
    4-the ratio of water/crude used for washing.
    5-temperature
    6-pressure drop
    7-chemicals additions
    DR.Hemdan

    17

    Desalting is carried out by emulsifying the


    crude oil with 3 to 10 vol% water at a
    temperature of 200-300F. Both the ratio of
    water to oil and the operating temperature
    are functions of the gravity of the crude oil.
    Typical operating conditions are :

    DR.Hemdan

    18

    DR.Hemdan

    19

    Trouble shooting

    DR.Hemdan

    20

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