TEXTURIZING

Prof.Dr.S.Kathirrvelu
Professor-Textile Technology
EITEX, BDU, Ethiopia.

DRAWING & TEXTURISING

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CONTENTS:
Introduction
Drawing.
What is Drawing?
Purpose of Drawing.
Principle of Drawing.
Drawing process.
Drawing machine.
Errors in Drawing.
Texturising.
What is texturising?
Purpose of texturising.
Steps of texturising
Texturising methods.
Conclusion.
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Introduction

With the exception of silk ,all filaments are manufactured from man-made
materials. These materials, however dont occur in fibrous in nature. They
are primarily made from chemicals that must be formed and solidified into
fiber form. Synthetic fibers have been developed that posses describable
characteristics, such ass a high softening point to allow for ironing, high
tensile strength , adequate stiffness, and describable yarn quality. In their
origional state, the fiberforming polymers are normally solids and
therefore must be first converted into a liquid form to be suitable for
extrusion. After extrusion there are some operation is done for complete
this process and to produce a good quality of yarn. From these we will
discuss about Drawing ant Texturising.
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DRAWING
-Drawing is very important process of
spinning.
-This process is used to increase the
orientation of polymer molecules.
-It

produces

filament

with

strength.

Fig. Two Stage Drawing

Process

desired

CRYSTALLINE AND
STRENGTH
-Drawing process increases tensile
strength and hardness of filament.
-It orients the polymer molecules
along the filament.
-Crystallinity increases due to the
orientation of polymer molecules.

Fig: Change in orientation of polymer molecules

Properties Introduces by
Drawing
High degree of orientation of polymer
molecules
that tends to increase fibre stiffness.
Lower moisture absorption.
Unlimited breaking strength.
Transparency and luster.
Changed dyeing properties.
Resistance

to

penetration

by

foreign

What is Drawing?
Historically , the term Drawing was used in connection with the
draw frame in staple spinning. Drafting was used regarding roller
drafting system in roving and ring spinning .Polymeric fibre drawing
is an important industrial process. The objective behind drawing
fibres is to induce

molecular orientation in the fibre, thereby

increasing their strength in the direction of the stretch. That is,

Extension of the filaments to many times their original length. By
means of this operation, the more or less randomly oriented chain
molecules are aligned in the longitudinal direction and the filaments
its defirutive stress-strain characteristics.
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Purpose of Drawing:
The prime purpose of drawing of a yarn is to a desirable quality for the following
reasons:
The orientation of the polymer molecules can be increased after the spinning
process by a subsequent drawing process.
To convert relatively week spun fibres to fibres with greater molecular
orientation and the resulting greater strength.
To produce a filament with a desired strength, accomplished by inducing
sufficient orientation of the polymer molecules along the axial direction of the
filament.
To produce fibres with the specific properties desired.
To increase the crystalline zone in fibres.
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Principle of drawing:
Consider a sample of the input material before and after discontinuous drawing. If
there were no losses in the process, the mass of the input sample would be the same
as it is after drawing. Let p be the packing density, a the cross sectional area , l the
sample length, piaili be the mass in the input sample, and poaolo be the mass after
drawing. It follows that;
piaili poaolo
And if the packing density is constant
pili polo
For the purely theoretical case, the change in cross sectional area is inversely
proportional to the change in length. This is discontinuous drawing. However ,in
production. The process of elongation takes place continuously wit the input and
output mass flows nominally constant. Thus , the formula can be restated to say that
the cross sectional area is inversely proportional to the speed ratio. In practice this is
modified by changes in the packing density and small losses have to be taken into
account , but it forms the basis of all drawing.

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Drawing process:

The drawing process of a fibre involves passing the

fibre tow over a series of rollers. The rollers rotate at
specified constant angular velocities, each faster than
the older. In some processes all the draw is introduced
in one step, in a single stage of feed and take-up
rollers. This single draw can result in fibre breakage
so it is customary to involve more than one more
draw processes in the industries.
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Molecular orientation during drawing

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A typical two-stage drawing process:

Bechtel at. Al gave a model for a two-stage draw process in which
most of the draw was provided in the first stage( between 2.2 and 2.7
draw ratio) and a relatively smaller draw (1.1-1.2) in the second
stage. As the number of stages is increased, it is possible to keep each
free span and roller at a different temperature and induce the
maximum molecular orientation in the fibre.

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Impact of drawing

The degree of alignment of fibre molecules affects the

properties of a fibre in several way;

Fibres change in appearance as they are drawn. In

the

undrawn stage , nylon is usually dull and opaque. As the

filaments are drawn and molecule orientation increase, the
filaments acquire the transparency and luster.

The more closely the molecules pack together, the

greater is the ultimate strength, or breaking strength, of the

fibre.
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 This increase in ultimate strength is accompanied by a decrease

in the amount of elongation that the fibre can sustain before
reaching its breaking point.

Because the closely packed molecules no longer have great

freedom of movement , a high degree of orientation also tend to

increase fibre stiffness and rigidity.

Increased resistance to penetration by foreign molecules also

improves the general chemical stability of a fibre, since highly

oriented fibres are more resistant to chemical attack.

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Errors in drawing
Where there is a number of drafting stages, the results are
cumulative and the range of error wavelengths can be very
large. Yarns show not only an extremely large range of
errors translate into faults in the fabric. The end result of
these irregularities is that the fabrics made from the yarns
show undesirable patterning known as moir or barr ,
which reduces their values.
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What is Texturising?
Texturing

is a procedure used to increase the volume and the elasticity of a

filament fibres. The essential properties of textured yarns and the products made
from them are softness, fullness, a high degree of elasticity, thermal insulation and
moist transporting properties. All yarns which can be shaped by heat are suitable
for texturing. The prime purpose of texturing filament yarn is to create a bulky
structure.

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TEXTURIZING
The process of introducing crimp, loop, coils to
continuous filament yarn is called Texturizing. It
stabilizes the POY through heating and drawing.

Two types of manmade POY can be texturedNylon (Used in manufacturing of ladies hosiery)
Polyester (Used in apparel & home furnishing)

SOME TEXTURIZING
PROCESS

CRIMPING
-

Introduce

crimps

mechanically

by

passing the filament between gear like

rollers.
-

Produced

chemically

coagulation of a

by

controlling

filament in order to

create asymmetric cross-section

fibre.

in the

FALSE-TWISTING

The twist geometry is set by cooling

the yarn in a highly twisted state.
-This process is applied with drawing
process.
-False-twist is applied for Nylon and
Polyester.
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KNIT-DEKNITTING

Introduced crimp are like as the

shape of knitted loop

- Yarn is knitted into tubular fabric
- Then unraveled to produced textured
yarn

AIR JET
-This method is used with a single type of yarn or
with
a blend of filament yarns
-It is carried out by feeding a wet yarn or a dry yarn
Plus a small amount of water into a high-speed jet
of air.
-Yarns textured in such a process contain a large
number of very fine filaments
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Purpose of texturing:
The prime purpose of texturing filament yarn is to create
a bulky structure that is desirable for the following
reason;
The voids in the structure cause the material to have
good insulation properties.
The voids in the structure change the density of the
material(Which makes possible a lightweight yarn with
good covering properties)
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The disorganized (or less organized) surface of the yarn

gives dispersed light reflections, which, in turn, give a
desirable matte appearance.
The sponge like structure feels softer than a lean
twisted flat yarn.
The crimped or coiled filament structure gives a lower
effective modulus of elasticity to the structure when
compare with that of a flat yarn.
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Steps of texturising:

Deform the filament.

Set the deformation.

Remove the deformation.

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Texturising method:
Real twist Texturising
False twist Texturising
Draw Texturising
Air jet Texturising
Knit de knit
Stuffer box
Gear crimping
Edge crimping method
Texturising by co-extrusion
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1. Real twist Texturising:

Here, a batch of package of yarn was then taken from the
twister and placed in an autoclave. The temperature of the
yarn was raised above Tg and then allowed to cool. The
product taken from the autoclave was non-twist lively or
dead, but the fibre deformations were set into their newly
twisted shapes. To develop the bulk, it was necessary to
untwist the yarns until the filament were approximately
parallel and separated, and then relax them.
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2. False twist Texturising:

Here partially oriented yarn(POY) is fed into

a heating zone(200-

230c). Where insert twist is set. The yarn then passes through a
cooling zone to a twist unit. Consisting of a series of revolving discs.
Which insert twist ,when twisted yarn is relaxed, the yarn retains a
thermal memory, which produces yarn with a high bulk/stretch
potential. Bulk/ stretch can be controlled

by passing the yarn

through a second heater.

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As Texturising speeds rise, they approach the speed used for filament drawing and it
Draw Texturising:

becomes possible to contemplate a merger between the two operations.

There are two forms of draw texturising ;
a) Sequential,
b)Simultaneous.

Draw Texturing
Machine
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4. Air jet Texturising:

In

this method of texturing, yarns led through the turbulent region of

a air jet at a rate faster than if is drawn off on the far side of the jet, in
the jet, the yarn structure is opened , loops are locked inside and others
are locked on the surface of the yarn. An example of this method is the
taslam process;

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Air jet textured yarn.

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5. Knit de knit:

Knit -de-Knit texturing is used on drawn fibre

in order to produce crimp of a knitted loop
shape. In this process a yarn is knitted into a
tubular fabric, set in place by means of heat,
and then unraveled to produce textured yarn.

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6. Stuffer box:

The crimping unit consists of two feed rolls and a

brass tube stuffer box. By compressing the yarn
into the heated stuffer box, the individual filaments
are caused to fold or bend at a sharp angle, while
being simultaneously set by a heating device.

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In

7. Gear crimping:

this method filament is run between a pair of

intermeshing gear wheels. The resultants yarn is left with

the impression of the gear wheel teeth.

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8.Edge crimping method:

In this method of Texturising. Thermoplastic filaments in a heated and

stretched condition are drawn over a crimping edge and cooled. EdgeCrimping machine are make align yarn.

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9. Texturising by co-extrusion:

Co-extrusion

is where two or more polymer components are

extruded through the same nozzle to produce a filament with stripes

of different polymers. It is difficult to manage more than two
components; thus two component system are likely to be most
significant commercially. There are two distinct possibilities. The
first is to have the stripes firmly bonded to each other in such a
fashion that treatment will cause it to curl or otherwise texture in the
manner of a bi-component yarn. The second is to make the stripes
have little or no bonding, in which case the filament can be
decomposed into a series of finer ones.
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Properties of textured yarns:

As already pointed out, textured yarns are characterized by higher
extensibility, elasticity and bulkiness than flat yarns
Schematic longitudinal view of textured yarns
Among the various properties, generally assessed with methods similar
to those used for other types of yarn, there is a method of particular
importance and for specific use, termed crimp contraction (or crimp
elasticity).This property is essentially assessed on false-twist yarns and
is defined as the contraction of a textured yarn due to crimp
development, expressed as percentage rate of the stretched out (not
crimped) yarn length
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Differences between texturising methods:

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What type of yarns can be textured:

Synthetic filament yarns made from
polyester
Nylon and polypropylene.
Polyester yarns are normally in the range
between 50 and 300 den, with the emphasis on
75 and 150 den.
Nylon yarns are in the range from 15-110
den,
The majority of fine hosiery yarns being 20
den and coarser yarns being 70 den.
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Textured effect:

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THANK YOU VERY

MUCH

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