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    SPEECH ACT Classifications

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    Francis B. Tatel
    This document summarizes John Searle's speech act theory, which categorizes utterances based on their illocutionary point and direction of fit. It outlines five categories of speech acts - assertives/representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. For each category, it describes the illocutionary point (force) and direction of fit. It also discusses indirect speech acts and examples are provided for each category.

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    SPEECH ACT Classifications

    Uploaded by

    Francis B. Tatel
    119 views13 pages
    This document summarizes John Searle's speech act theory, which categorizes utterances based on their illocutionary point and direction of fit. It outlines five categories of speech acts - assertives/representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. For each category, it describes the illocutionary point (force) and direction of fit. It also discusses indirect speech acts and examples are provided for each category.

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    This document summarizes John Searle's speech act theory, which categorizes utterances based on their illocutionary point and direction of fit. It outlines five categories of speech acts - assertives/representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. For each category, it describes the illocutionary point (force) and direction of fit. It also discusses indirect speech acts and examples are provided for each category.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    119 views13 pages

    SPEECH ACT Classifications

    Uploaded by

    Francis B. Tatel
    This document summarizes John Searle's speech act theory, which categorizes utterances based on their illocutionary point and direction of fit. It outlines five categories of speech acts - assertives/representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. For each category, it describes the illocutionary point (force) and direction of fit. It also discusses indirect speech acts and examples are provided for each category.

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    SPEECH ACT

    CLASSIFICATIONS
    BY JOHN ROGERS SEARLE
    TWO PROPERTIES OF SPEECH ACTS

    Direction of Fit Illocutionary Point


    The way the word matches the The purpose of the speech act
    world or the way the world
    matches the words
    POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS OF FIT

    1) Word-to-world
    2) World-to-word
    3) The double direction of fit (both word-to-world and world-to-word)
    4) The null direction of fit
    SEARLES TAXONOMY OF
    ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACTS
    ASSERTIVES/REPRESENTATIVES

    They relate to states or events in the world.


    FORCE: acts that commit the speaker to the truth of a proposition
    FIT: word-to-world (the speaker puts forward the proposition
    expressed by the utterance as a true description of some part of the
    world)
    Examples: Assert, swear, define, report, etc
    DIRECTIVES

    Acts that cause the hearer to do something


    FORCE: they attempt to get the hearer to do something
    FIT: world-to-word direction (the speaker is trying to get the hearer
    to make the world conform to what he says)
    Examples: command, request, invite.
    COMMISSIVES

    Acts that commit the speaker to do something in the future


    FORCE: they commit the speaker to doing something in the future
    FIT: world-to-word (the speaker intends to (try to) make the world
    conform to what he has said)
    Examples: undertake, promise, threaten
    DIFFERENCE

    COMMISSIVES DIRECTIVES
    Commissives express speaker Directives express desires that the
    intentions speaker has about what the hearer
    is to do.
    EXPRESSIVES

    Acts that express the speakers feelings towards something


    FORCE: the speaker expresses feeling regarding a state of affairs that
    the expressive refers to
    FIT: null direction of fit (they express an emotional attitude towards a
    fact presumed to be true)
    Examples: thank, congratulate, welcome
    DECLARATIONS

    Acts that change reality (utterances that change the world rather than describing
    it)
    FORCE: acts that bring about immediate changes in how things are
    FIT: double direction of fit (word-to-world and world-to-word) (to utter one
    successfully is to bring about a change in the world: the words uttered change
    the world so that the world fits the words)
    Examples: baptizing, pronouncing someone guilty, etc
    INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

    A single utterance could contain more than one type of speech act, a
    primary one which is indirect and not literally performed and a
    secondary one which is direct and is performed in the literal utterance
    of the sentence.
    Hugh: I wish I was at toys R us.
    Paul: OK, ill take you.

    Here, the primary act of the speaker (a child) is to persuade Paul (an
    adult) to take him to toys r us and buy him a toy. The secondary act is
    simply the literal statement of wishing to be at toys R us.
    Can you pass the butter?

    The grammatical form of this sentence is more closely associated with


    asking questions than making requests.

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