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    1.mathematical Physics

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    Sk Sajedul
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in mathematical physics, including: 1) Vectors can represent physical quantities with both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. 2) Vectors in three dimensions have x, y, z components and can be added using their components or geometrically. 3) The dot product of two vectors yields a scalar and describes the cosine of the angle between the vectors. 4) The cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors and its magnitude is the area of the parallelogram they span.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1.mathematical Physics

    Uploaded by

    Sk Sajedul
    108 views33 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in mathematical physics, including: 1) Vectors can represent physical quantities with both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. 2) Vectors in three dimensions have x, y, z components and can be added using their components or geometrically. 3) The dot product of two vectors yields a scalar and describes the cosine of the angle between the vectors. 4) The cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors and its magnitude is the area of the parallelogram they span.

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in mathematical physics, including: 1) Vectors can represent physical quantities with both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. 2) Vectors in three dimensions have x, y, z components and can be added using their components or geometrically. 3) The dot product of two vectors yields a scalar and describes the cosine of the angle between the vectors. 4) The cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors and its magnitude is the area of the parallelogram they span.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    108 views33 pages

    1.mathematical Physics

    Uploaded by

    Sk Sajedul
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in mathematical physics, including: 1) Vectors can represent physical quantities with both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. 2) Vectors in three dimensions have x, y, z components and can be added using their components or geometrically. 3) The dot product of two vectors yields a scalar and describes the cosine of the angle between the vectors. 4) The cross product yields a vector perpendicular to both input vectors and its magnitude is the area of the parallelogram they span.

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    You are on page 1of 33

    Mathematical Physics

    PRIYANKA
    DAS TITHI
    Faculty of
    Physics
    Quantity
    Quantityisapropertythatcanexistasamagnitude
    ormultitude.Quantitiescanbecomparedintermsof
    "more,""less,"or"equal,"orbyassigninga
    numericalvalueintermsofaunitofmeasurement.

    August2006 2
    Basic Vector Algebra

    Scalarsarequantitieshavingonlyamagnitude.
    Length,mass,temperatureetc.

    Vectorsarequantitieshavingbothamagnitudeanda
    direction.
    Force,velocity,accelerationetc.

    August2006 3
    Coordinate System

    Rectangular
    or Cartesian
    Coordinate

    August2006 4
    Coordinate System

    Cylindrical
    Coordinate

    August2006 5
    Coordinate System

    Spherical
    Coordinate

    August2006 6
    Vectors in Cartesian Coordinate System

    A = A1i + A2j + A3k = (A1, A2, A3)

    i, j, andk areunitvectorspointingin
    thepositive x, y, and z directions

    A1, A2 and A3 arecalled x, y,and z


    componentofvector A

    August2006 7
    Vectors in Cartesian Coordinate System

    MagnitudeofA:

    DirectionofA:

    Itisaunitdirectionalvector!

    Equality:IfA=B,itmeansA=Bandalso

    Doestheequalityoftwovectorsnecessarilyimplythatthey
    areidentical?

    August2006 8
    Addition of Vectors
    Addingcorrespondingcomponents
    A = (A1, A2, A3)
    A + B = (A1 + B1)i+(A2 + B2)j+(A3 + B3)k
    B = (B1, B2, B3)

    Geometricalrepresentation
    (a)ApairofvectorsAandB

    (b)Addedbythehead-to-tailmethod

    (c)Addedbyparallelogramlaw

    (d)BissubtractedfromA

    August2006 9
    1.
    1.
    2. 2.
    MultiplicationofaVectorbyaScalar

    A = (A1, A2, A3), isarealnumber

    If >0, multiplythelengthofthevectorby;
    thedirectionunchanged

    Whathappensif<0?

    If <0, multiplythelengthofthevectorby;
    thedirectionchangedby180

    August2006 16
    Dot Product
    IfA = A1i + A2j + A3k and B = B1i + B2j + B3k
    A . B = A1B1 + A2B2 + A3B3

    Anothername:scalarproduct.

    Example:If A = (1, -3, 2)and B = (4, 5, -8),thedotproductof


    A and B is -27.
    Basicpropertiesofthedotproduct:
    1. A . B = B . A
    2. (A + B) . C = A . C + B . C
    3. A . (0, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 0)
    4. A . A = |A|2 = A2

    August2006 17
    Geometric Interpretation of Dot Product

    A . B = |A||B|cos = ABcos

    Iftwononzerovectors cos = =
    A . B = 0,then ? 0 90

    Perpendicular

    August2006 18
    Cross Product
    IfA = A1i + A2j + A3k and B = B1i + B2j + B3k

    August2006 19
    Geometric Interpretation of
    Cross Product

    sin = = 0or180
    ?

    Iftwononzerovectors
    0
    A B = 0,then
    Parallel

    August2006 20
    Example:
    LetA = (1, -3, 2) and B = (4, 5, -8),then

    Basicpropertiesofcrossproduct:
    1. A B = -(B A)
    2. (A + B) C = (A C) + (B C)
    3. A (B C) = (A . C)B (A . B)C

    August2006 21
    Scalar and vector field
    If we consider any area or field, we can say that each
    point of that field has a physical property, that can be
    scalar or vector.
    If the physical property that is related to the field is
    scalar, then the field is called as scalar field.
    Similarly if the physical property (that is related to
    the field) is vector, then the field is called as vector
    field.
    Examples: Density, temperature, potential etc are the
    examples of scalar field.
    Particles velocity, electric intensity, gravitational
    intensity are the examples of vector field or vector
    function.
    Mathematical expressions of scalar and vector
    field ---
    Differential geometry
    (a) Suppose that, a particle is moving through a curve
    of equation, , y=2sin4t and z=4cos2t,
    then
    i) calculate the velocity and acceleration for any time ;
    ii) calculate the value of velocity and acceleration when
    t=0.
    Vector operator:
    Gradient:
    Divergence:
    Curl:
    Gradient
    Deloperator

    Gradient

    Gradientcharacterizesmaximumincrease.Ifatapoint P the
    gradientof f isnotthezerovector,itrepresentsthedirectionof
    maximumspacerateofincreasein f atP.

    August2006 26
    Example
    Given potential function V = x2y + xy2 + xz2,
    (a)findthe gradientof V,and(b)evaluateit
    at (1, -1, 3).
    Solution:
    (a)

    (b
    )

    Directionofmaximumincrease

    August2006 27
    Divergence of a Vector Field
    Inrectangularcoordinate,the
    divergenceof A canbecalculatedas:

    * It defines the nature of source of the vector field.

    August2006 28
    Forinstance,if A = 3xzi + 2xyj yz2k,

    then,div A = 3z + 2x 2yz

    At(1, 2, 2),div A = 0;thereisnopointsource.


    At (1, 1, 2),div A = 4,thereisasource,anditisexpanding;
    at (1, 3, 1),div A = -1,thereisasink.
    Curl of a Vector Field
    If

    Inrectangularcoordinate,curl canbecalculatedas

    curl

    *Itshows,whetherthevectorisrotationalornot.

    August2006 30
    Curl of a Vector Field
    Example:
    IfA = yzi + 3zxj + zk,then

    August2006 31
    MathematicalProblem:

    August2006 32
    Thank you for your attention

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