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    ABO Blood Groups

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    Ramadan Physiology
    This document outlines objectives and procedures for determining blood groups and the importance of blood typing. It aims to name the ABO and Rh blood group systems, explain how blood groups are determined using antisera, describe the importance of cross-matching before blood transfusion, and study the effect of the Rh factor in erythroblastosis fetalis. Key points covered include the antigens and antibodies involved in the ABO system, the agglutination process in transfusion reactions, Rh positive and Rh negative blood types, indications and precautions for blood transfusion, and prevention and treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis.

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    ABO Blood Groups

    Uploaded by

    Ramadan Physiology
    70 views18 pages
    This document outlines objectives and procedures for determining blood groups and the importance of blood typing. It aims to name the ABO and Rh blood group systems, explain how blood groups are determined using antisera, describe the importance of cross-matching before blood transfusion, and study the effect of the Rh factor in erythroblastosis fetalis. Key points covered include the antigens and antibodies involved in the ABO system, the agglutination process in transfusion reactions, Rh positive and Rh negative blood types, indications and precautions for blood transfusion, and prevention and treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis.

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    This document outlines objectives and procedures for determining blood groups and the importance of blood typing. It aims to name the ABO and Rh blood group systems, explain how blood groups are determined using antisera, describe the importance of cross-matching before blood transfusion, and study the effect of the Rh factor in erythroblastosis fetalis. Key points covered include the antigens and antibodies involved in the ABO system, the agglutination process in transfusion reactions, Rh positive and Rh negative blood types, indications and precautions for blood transfusion, and prevention and treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    70 views18 pages

    ABO Blood Groups

    Uploaded by

    Ramadan Physiology
    This document outlines objectives and procedures for determining blood groups and the importance of blood typing. It aims to name the ABO and Rh blood group systems, explain how blood groups are determined using antisera, describe the importance of cross-matching before blood transfusion, and study the effect of the Rh factor in erythroblastosis fetalis. Key points covered include the antigens and antibodies involved in the ABO system, the agglutination process in transfusion reactions, Rh positive and Rh negative blood types, indications and precautions for blood transfusion, and prevention and treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis.

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    Objectives…

     To:
    1.Name the blood groups of ABO and Rh system.
    2.Give the principle of determination of blood groups.
    3.Study the effect of Rhesus factor in the case of
    Erythroblastosis Fetalis.
    4.Determine blood groups by using antisera.
    5.Give the importance of cross-matching.
    6.Describe the importance of blood groups
    determination in the process of blood transfusion.
    What does blood types mean?

    Different blood
    types have
    different
    SURFACE
    PROTEINS on
    RBCs
    ABO System…
    Antibodies (agglutinins ) in plasma are considered
    naturally occurring; that is produced without any
    known exposure to Antigen.
    Agglutinins are gamma globulins, as are almost all
    antibodies, produced by bone marrow and lymph gland
    cells .
    Agglutination process in Transfusion
    Reactions
     If a person administered blood of incompatible type
    so that anti-A or anti-B plasma agglutinins are mixed
    with red blood cells that contain A or B agglutinogens.

     This causes the cells to clump, which is the process of


    "agglutination."
    Agglutination
    Rh Factor
    If your blood does contain the
    Rh protein, your blood is said
    to be Rh positive (Rh+)

    If your blood does NOT


    contain the Rh protein, your
    blood is said to be Rh
    negaitive (Rh-)
    Blood Transfusion
    Indications of blood transfusion:-
    1. Loss of blood.
    2. Blood disease.
    3. Severe Anaemia.
    4. Erythroblastosis foetalis.
    Precautions Of Blood transfusion:-
    •Blood Typing.
    •Major Cross Matching.
    •Hb content of transfused blood is not <90%.
    •Free from infectious diseases.
    •Fresh non frozen blood <21days storage, stored at
    4ºC.
    Cross matching:
    This is done by performing the following two tests:

    Test Donor Recipient


    1 RBCs + Plasma (Major Cross Match)

    2 Plasma + RBCs (Minor Cross Match)

    no agglutination means the blood samples are


    compatible and blood transfusion can be made
    safely.
    Complications Of Incompatible Blood Transfusion

    Blockage of blood capillaries caused by agglutination RBCs 


    joint pain and anginal pain.

    Haemolysis, which leads to:


    1. Release of histamine →↓ABP→ shock.
    2. Release of K→ hyperkalamia.
    3. Release of Hb →bilirubin →jaundice.
    4. Release of Hb→ precipitation of Hb as hematin crystals
    in renal tubules blocking them.
    5. 1 & 4 can lead to Acute renal failure.
    Rh factor is of particular medical
    important
    Erythroblastosis fetalis
    Prevention
    When Rh-ve female
    delivers Rh+ve foetus, anti- D
    antibodies are given to her
    immediately after delivery to
    neutralize D antigen of the
    Rh foetal cells to prevent
    sensitization of the mother.

    Treatment
    Replacement of the blood of
    the baby with Rh-ve O blood.
    (Exchange transfusion)
    Procedure:
    Divide a clean glass slide into three equal divisions using
    a glass marking pencil, then label these divisions anti-A,
    anti-D and anti-B respectively.

    A D B
    Place a drop of anti-A serum, anti-D
    serum, and anti-B serum in the
    respective divisions.

    A B D
    Prick a finger with a sterile lancet, and add one drop of
    blood to each anti-serum. With the help of a clean wood
    stick, mix the blood & anti-sera thoroughly. Use separate
    wood sticks for separate sera.

    A D B
    - Clumped red cells give a coarse reddish granular
    appearance.

    - Microscopic examination may be carried out for the confirmation of


    agglutination.
    Examples…

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