The Introduction of PHYSIOLOGY-1

1
Introduction
To
physiology
(1)
Dr. Ramadan Saad
PHSL222 Principles of Physiology

Objectives
● Define physiology.
● Describe the levels of organisation of an organism.
● Provide an orientation to the subject of human physiology
● Describe briefly the basic structure and state the
function of the different body tissues.
● Discuss briefly the different levels of organization
starting from the cell to body systems giving examples at
each level.
What is physiology ?
Types of physiology:
Definitions
Physio + ology Cellular physiology Systems physiology
Physio: Nature Is the study of cellular Is the study of coordinated
Ology: science or study of components that primarily and networked processes
Physiology: the science determines organ function. that determines the whole
dealing with the way a body function and adaptation
to change .
normal organism and their
body parts function.
Examples:
(It is a cornerstone to medicine )
Respiratory system, cardiovascular
Golgi apparatus —> Packaging,
How it is system… Thus: different systems
sorting… of proteins.
related to Many diseases can be viewed as work in harmony to provide the
physiology “ gone wrong “ Homeostasis.
medicine?
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The Difference between
Because the understanding of anatomy and physiology:
physiology is essential for the Anatomy : the structure
study and practice of medicine Physiology :the function
Distinguish between Process & Function
Process Function
• How do we breathe? • Why do we breathe?
• How does blood flow? • Why does blood flow?
• How do RBCs • Why do RBC transport

transport O2? O2?
Level of structural organization
&
tomy gy
a
An ysiolo
Ph
gy
tolo
His
Cells may differ

markedly from one
to another , but
they all share
certain basic
characteristics
try
emis
Bioch istry
m
/ che
istry
chem
The cell
The basic unit of the body
•Each human being begins as a single cell (i.e. fertilized egg).
•The number of cells increase by cellular division.
•The process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell is known as differentiation.
Cell structure
Cell organelles Cell membrane Cells may differ markedly from one another, but they all
share certain basic characteristics.
•Nucleus. Will be discussed
•Ribosomes. later
•Endoplasmic reticulum: Rough
& Smooth
•Golgi apparatus.
•Mitochondria.
•Lysosomes.
•Peroxisomes.
•Cytoskeleton. ● function of each
organelles
Tissues
A collection of a single type of specialized cells = tissue.
The combination of two or more types of tissues forms an organ.
Several organs come together and are organised into a system.
Types of tissues
Four types
Muscle tissues: Nervous tissues:

Is specialized to Is specialized to initiate,
generate mechanical integrate, and conduct
force electrical signals to other
cells
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac muscles Smooth muscles

These signals may:
-Initiate new electrical signals
in other neurons
-Stimulate a gland to secrete
hormones
-Stimulate muscle contraction
The rest of the types is in the next slide

Types of tissues
Four types
Epithelial
tissues Connective tissues
It connects, anchors and

•There are many shapes of epithelial cells according support the structures of the
to the function they need to perform. body.
•Thus, there are many types of epithelial tissue. It consist of many and diverse
cell and tissue types, each with
its specific function.
There are shared properties:
-It lines surfaces.
-Offers protection.
-May be involved in secretion and absorption
of ions & organic molecules.
Branches
There are a great number of disciplines that use the word physiology
in their title. Below are some examples:
•Cell physiology: studying the way cells work and interact; cell
physiology mostly concentrates on membrane transport and neuron
transmission.
•Systems physiology: this focuses on the computational and
mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. It tries to
describe the way individual cells or components of a system converge
to respond as a whole. They often investigate metabolic networks and
cell signaling.
Branches
There are a great number of disciplines that use the word
physiology in their title. Below are some examples:
•Evolutionary physiology – studying the way systems, or
parts of systems, have adapted and changed over multiple
generations. Research topics cover a lot of ground including
the role of behavior in evolution, sexual selection, and
physiological changes in relation to geographic variation.
Branches
There are a great number of disciplines that use the word physiology
in their title. Below are some examples:
•Defense physiology – changes that occur as a reaction to a potential
threat, such as preparation for the fight-or-flight response.
•Exercise physiology – as the name suggests, this is the study of the
physiology of physical exercise. This includes research into
bioenergetics, biochemistry, cardiopulmonary function, biomechanics,
hematology, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and
nervous system function.
Carry Home Message
1. Physiology is a science dealing with the way a normal

organism and their body parts function.
2. There are four types of body tissues.
3. There are four branches for studying human
physiology.
Thank You

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What are the four types of body tissues?

What are the four branches for studying human physiology?

1

PHSL222 Principles of Physiology

• How do we breathe? • Why do we breathe?

• How does blood flow? • Why does blood flow?

• How do RBCs • Why do RBC transport

Cells may differ

Muscle tissues: Nervous tissues:

Skeletal Muscles Cardiac muscles Smooth muscles

The rest of the types is in the next slide

It connects, anchors and

1. Physiology is a science dealing with the way a normal

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