Pozzolans: (Supplementary Cementitious Materials)

POZZOLANS
(Supplementary Cementitious Materials)

Pozzolan
 The name Pozzolan comes from the town
Pozzuoli, Italy.
 Ancient Romans (~100 B.C.) produced a hydraulic
binder by mixing hydrated lime with soil
(predominantly volcanic ash)
 Horasan mortar, mixing lime with finely divided
burned clay, is extensively used by Ottomans
 Nowadays, the word pozzolan covers a broad
range of natural and artificial materials.
Pozzolan
a material that, when used in conjunction

with portland cement, contributes to the
properties of the hardened concrete
through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity, or
both.
– Natural (Volcanic ash, volcanic tuff, pumicite)
– Artificial (fly ash, silica-fume, granulated blast
furnace slag)
Pozzolan
 Siliceous or aluminous material, which in

itself possesses little or no cementitious
value but will, in finely divided form and in
the presence of moisture, chemically
react with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 to
form compounds possessing hydraulic
cementitious properties.
POZZOLANS
Iron oxide, calcium oxide,

Silica&Alumina magnesium oxide,
(higher amounts) alkalies
(lesser amounts)
POZZOLANIC REACTIONS
Calcium Hydroxide+Silica+Water → “Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate”
(C-S-H)
C-S-H provides the hydraulic binding property of the material.
Pozzolanic Activity: Capacity of pozzolan to form alumino-

silicates with lime to form cementitious products. (How good
how effective the pozzolan is!)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE
ACTIVITY OF POZZOLANS
1) SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 content
2) The degree of amourpheness of its

structure
3) Fineness of its particles

1) SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
 The greater amount of these, the greater its activity.
 ASTM C 618 & TS 25 → min “SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3” for
natural pozzolans > 70%
 Fly Ash - ASTM
 Class C→ from lignitide or subbituminous coals
(SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3>50%)
 Class F→ from bituminous coals and
SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3>70%
 Silica fume → SiO2 ≈ 85-98%
 Blast Furnace Slag→ SiO2 ~ 30-40%
Al2O3 ~ 7-19%
CaO ~ 30-50%
2) Amorphousness
 For chemical reaction → pozzolans must be

amorphous
 Volcanic ash, volcanic tuff, fly ash, silica fume
are all amorphous by nature.
 Clays → contain high amounts of silica &
alumina but have a crystallic structure!
(Do not possess pozzolanic activity)
– However, by heat treatment, such as calcining
~700-900°C crystallic structure is destroyed & a
quasi-amorphous structure is obtained.
2) Amorphousness
Clay → does not possess pozzolanic property
Burned clay → possess pozzolanic property
 Blast furnace slag → contain high
amounts of silica, alumina & lime.
However, if molten slag is allowed to cool in
air, it gains a crystal structure. * do not
possess pozzolanic property.
However, if it is cooled very rapidly by pouring
it into water, it becomes a granular material &
gains amorpousness. * possess pozzolanic
property.
3) Fineness
 Pozzolanic activity increases as fineness
increases.
 Volcanic ash, rice husk ash, fly ash,

condensed silica fume are obtained in
finely divided form.
 Volcanic tuff, granulated blast furnace slag

& burned clay must be ground.
DETERMINATION OF
POZZOLANIC ACTIVITY
 Pozzolanic activity is determined by
“strength activity indexes”
Six mortar cubes are prepared (ASTM)

→”Control Mixture” 500 g portland
cement+1375 g sand+242 ml water
→”Test Mixture” 400g of portland
cement+100g of pozzolan+1375g of
sand+some water for the same consistency
 Compressive testing at 7 or 28 days
 Strength Activity Index (SAI) =A/B*100
 A=f’c of test mixture
 B=f’c of control mixture
 ASTM C 618 → SAI ≥ 75%

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF POZZOLANS
 Silica Fume is mostly SiO2
 G. G. Blast Furnace Slag→ high amounts of

CaO (self-cementitious)
 Class C Fly Ash has CaO (self-cementitious)

Chemical Analysis of Typical Fly Ash, Slag, Silica Fume,
Calcined Clay, Calcined Shale, and Metakaolin
Artificial Pozzolans Natural Pozzolans
Class F Class C Silica Calcined Calcined Meta-
fly ash fly ash Groundslag fume clay shale kaolin
SiO2, % 52 35 35 90 58 50 53
Al2O3, % 23 18 12 0.4 29 20 43
Fe2O3, % 11 6 1 0.4 4 8 0.5
CaO, % 5 21 40 1.6 1 8 0.1
SO3, % 0.8 4.1 9 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.1
Na2O, % 1.0 5.8 0.3 0.5 0.2 — 0.05
K2O, % 2.0 0.7 0.4 2.2 2 — 0.4
Total Na
2.2 6.3 0.6 1.9 1.5 — 0.3
eq. alk, %
SILICA FUME FLY ASH
GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG

Selected Properties of Typical Fly Ash, Slag, Silica Fume,
Calcined Clay, Calcined Shale, and Metakaolin
Class F Class C Groun Silica Calcined Calcined Meta-

fly ash fly ash dslag fume clay shale kaolin
Loss on ignition,
2.8 0.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 0.7
%
Blaine fineness,
420 420 400 20,000 990 730 19,000
m2/kg
Relative density 2.38 2.65 2.94 2.40 2.50 2.63 2.50

Typical Amounts of Pozzolans
in Concrete by Mass of
Cementing Materials
 Fly ash
– Class C 15% to 40%
– Class F 15% to 20%
 Slag 30% to 45%
 Silica fume 5% to 10%
 Calcined clay 15% to 35%
– Metakaolin 10%
 Calcined shale 15% to 35%
REQUIREMENTS FOR AN
ACCEPTABLE QUALITY OF
POZZOLAN
 TS 25 → Natural Pozzolans
 TS 639 → Fly Ash
 ASTM C 618 → For Natural Pozzolan & Fly Ash
Natural Class F Class C

Fineness (max. % retained
when wet sieved on 45 mm
sieve) 34% 34% 34%
Strength Activity Index 75 75 75
min "SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3" 70 70 50
USES OF POZZOLANS
1) Direct use of Pozzolan by Mixing it with Calcium
Hydroxide
Extensively used in ancient times but not very
common now.
2) Use of Pozzolan in Producing Blended Cements
Grinding “Clinker+Pozzolan+Gypsum”→
Portland Pozzolan Cements Extensively used
3) Use of Pozzolan as an Admixture
“Cement+Pozzolan+Aggregate+Water”→
Concrete

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POZZOLANS

(Supplementary Cementitious Materials)

a material that, when used in conjunction

 Siliceous or aluminous material, which in

Iron oxide, calcium oxide,

Pozzolanic Activity: Capacity of pozzolan to form alumino-

2) The degree of amourpheness of its

3) Fineness of its particles

 For chemical reaction → pozzolans must be

 Volcanic ash, rice husk ash, fly ash,

 Volcanic tuff, granulated blast furnace slag

Six mortar cubes are prepared (ASTM)

 Strength Activity Index (SAI) =A/B*100

 A=f’c of test mixture

 B=f’c of control mixture

 ASTM C 618 → SAI ≥ 75%

 Silica Fume is mostly SiO2

 G. G. Blast Furnace Slag→ high amounts of

 Class C Fly Ash has CaO (self-cementitious)

Fe2O3, % 11 6 1 0.4 4 8 0.5

CaO, % 5 21 40 1.6 1 8 0.1

SO3, % 0.8 4.1 9 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.1

Na2O, % 1.0 5.8 0.3 0.5 0.2 — 0.05

K2O, % 2.0 0.7 0.4 2.2 2 — 0.4

GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG

Class F Class C Groun Silica Calcined Calcined Meta-

Relative density 2.38 2.65 2.94 2.40 2.50 2.63 2.50

Natural Class F Class C

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