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    Fundamental Review Exam 1

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    Beatrice Ross
    The document provides an overview of fundamental neuroscience concepts including: 1) It discusses different views of the mind-body problem and defines key terms like qualia. 2) It describes the main cell types in the nervous system including glial cells, neurons, and their functions. 3) It explains concepts related to cell biology like where proteins are made and their function. 4) It covers biophysical concepts underlying the resting membrane potential including ion concentrations, equilibrium potentials, and the Goldman equation. 5) It discusses experimental techniques like the voltage clamp that helped uncover the ionic basis of the action potential and properties of ion channels.

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    Fundamental Review Exam 1

    Uploaded by

    Beatrice Ross
    50 views30 pages
    The document provides an overview of fundamental neuroscience concepts including: 1) It discusses different views of the mind-body problem and defines key terms like qualia. 2) It describes the main cell types in the nervous system including glial cells, neurons, and their functions. 3) It explains concepts related to cell biology like where proteins are made and their function. 4) It covers biophysical concepts underlying the resting membrane potential including ion concentrations, equilibrium potentials, and the Goldman equation. 5) It discusses experimental techniques like the voltage clamp that helped uncover the ionic basis of the action potential and properties of ion channels.

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    Review for Fundamentals of Neuroscience TEMPLE

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    The document provides an overview of fundamental neuroscience concepts including: 1) It discusses different views of the mind-body problem and defines key terms like qualia. 2) It describes the main cell types in the nervous system including glial cells, neurons, and their functions. 3) It explains concepts related to cell biology like where proteins are made and their function. 4) It covers biophysical concepts underlying the resting membrane potential including ion concentrations, equilibrium potentials, and the Goldman equation. 5) It discusses experimental techniques like the voltage clamp that helped uncover the ionic basis of the action potential and properties of ion channels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    50 views30 pages

    Fundamental Review Exam 1

    Uploaded by

    Beatrice Ross
    The document provides an overview of fundamental neuroscience concepts including: 1) It discusses different views of the mind-body problem and defines key terms like qualia. 2) It describes the main cell types in the nervous system including glial cells, neurons, and their functions. 3) It explains concepts related to cell biology like where proteins are made and their function. 4) It covers biophysical concepts underlying the resting membrane potential including ion concentrations, equilibrium potentials, and the Goldman equation. 5) It discusses experimental techniques like the voltage clamp that helped uncover the ionic basis of the action potential and properties of ion channels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    Fundamental of Neuroscience

    Exam 1 Review
    2-8-2017
    Mind – Body Problem
    • Dualism
    Mind not material substance, mind is separate from
    body (physical)
    • Materialism
    All phenomena, including mental events, are results of
    material (physical) interactions
    • Functionalism
    Mental events are relationships, not dependent on
    internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions
    • Qualia: Internal and subjective component of
    sense perceptions
    Cells of the Nervous System
    Glial Cells = ‘Glue’
    • Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwann
    Cells (PNS), Astrocytes
    • Support, structure, and
    metabolism
    • Help to form the blood brain
    barrier
    Neurons
    • Sensory neurons
    – Quick, less processing
    • Motor neurons
    – More processing, only 1 output
    • Interneurons
    – Lots of processing, only 1 output
    • What type of neuron?
    • Where is it located?
    Cell Biology
    Cell Biology

    In the nucleus of the


    cell

    Ribosomes in the
    cytosol
    Amino Acid chains =
    Proteins are polypeptides = proteins
    functional units
    of a cell
    Forces that Create Membrane Potentials
    • Potential = difference
    Reference Point
    measured relative to a
    reference point (like
    distance)
    • Membrane Potential: The
    difference in electrical
    potential between the
    inside and the outside of
    the cell membrane
    • In neurons we have a
    potential difference across
    the membrane
    Ionic Basis of Membrane Potential
    • What causes the difference in potential
    between inside and outside of the cell?
    – Ions – Molecules with a net electric charge
    • Ions are moved by 2 forces:
    1. Diffusion – molecules move from high  low
    concentrations
    2. Electrostatic – opposite charges attract, similar
    charges repel
    • When these forces are balanced, that is
    electrochemical equilibrium
    Ion Concentrations at Resting Potential
    OUTSIDE CELL
    • K+
    • Na+
    • Cl-

    INSIDE CELL
    • K+
    • Na+
    • Cl-
    • Large, negative anions
    At Resting Membrane Potential…
    -70mV
    OUTSIDE Na+
    K+

    K+ Na+ A-

    INSIDE
    Finding Membrane Potential
    • We use the Goldman Equation to look at the
    permeability and concentration of each ion
    species across the membrane…
    PK+[K+out] + PNa+[Na+out] + PCl-[Cl-in]
    Vm= PK+[K+in] + PNa+[Na+in] + PCl-[Cl-out]

    • The permeability is what the cell manipulates


    to achieve its different potentials (e.g. resting,
    action, etc.)
    Equilibrium Potential
    • Like membrane potential, but we’re only
    looking at one ion
    • Use the Nernst Equation:
    Eion = 58 log [ion]out
    [ion]in

    • Tells at what voltage we can find a certain ion


    at equilibrium
    electrostatic forces = diffusion forces
    Equilibrium Potential of K+

    Demonstrations
    that proved
    this!
    At resting potential  more permeable to K+ & closest to K+ Equilibrium Potential

    At peak in action potential  more permeable to Na+ & closest to Na+ Equilibrium Potential
    In summary…
    • Every ion species has own equilibrium potential
    based on differences across membrane
    • The cell can control its permeability to these ions
    at any time by opening or closing ion channels
    • The more permeable the cell is to a given ion 
    membrane shifts toward the equilibrium
    potential for that specific ion
    At resting potential: PK+ >> PNa+
    Action Potential: PK+ << PNa+
    Repolarization: PK+ >> PNa+
    Voltage Clamp Technique
    • Holds the membrane
    potential (voltage) steady
    at ‘command voltage’ &
    look for changes in current
    in response to voltage
    • Depolarization leads to 2
    currents
    1. Transient inward current
    2. Delayed outward current
    Evidence the transient, early inward
    current is Na+:
    1. The early inward current reverses at around Na+
    equilibrium potential
    2. Removing extracellular
    Na+ removes the early
    inward current
    – Actually get a little
    reversal because Na+
    wants to diffuse out
    3. After blocking Na+ channel with TTX, the early inward
    current is lost
    Evidence the delayed, outward current
    is K+:
    Applying TEA blocking K+
    channels blocks the late
    outward current
    The Action Potential
    The Action Potential
    Absolute Refractory Period
    Ion Channels
    Must:
    1.Move ions across membrane at fast rate
    2.Make use of electrochemical gradient
    3.Be specific to specific ions
    4.Some channels must be sensitive to voltage
    changes

    Stretch-Gated, Voltage-Gated, Ligand-Gated


    Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

    • Open in response to a hyperpolarization or depolarization

    • Na+ open at threshold potential

    • K+ slower to open, but then rush out


    Patch Clamp Method
    • Microscopic VS Macroscopic Currents

    Patch Clamp Voltage Clamp


    – Single channel – Whole cell
    Saltatory Conduction

    Myelination insulates and widens the axon for


    faster conduction

    Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin, rich in ion


    channels, that propagate the action potential
    down the axon
    Molecular Structure of Ion Channels

    Na+ Channel Structure K+ Channel Structure


    • Alpha Subunit • Varied structures
    – 4 repeating structures • Most subunits span the
    – Makes the pore (hole) membrane 6 times
    – Regions are voltage sensitive, • 4 subunits aggregating to make
    • Changes in conformation (shape) 1 pore
    with voltage changes
    Transporters
    Transporters are ACTIVE and use energy to move ions across the membrane

    Pumps Exchangers
    • Use ATP for energy • Use energy from the
    • Na+/K+ Pump electrochemical gradient
    – Moves Na+ and K+ against – While Na+ moves down its
    their concentration gradients concentration gradient (inside
    by forming complexes with the cell),  changes in ion
    them exchanger protein
    conformation (shape) that
    move another ion species out
    ATPase Pumps

    Ion Exchangers
    Some Helpful Resources:
    Action Potential Link Khan Academy
    • http://outreach.mcb.harvar • https://www.khanacademy.
    d.edu/animations/actionpot org/science/biology/human
    ential_short.swf -biology/neuron-nervous-
    system/a/the-membrane-
    potential

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