Signal Encoding and Modulation Techniques
Signal Encoding and Modulation Techniques
Signal Encoding and Modulation Techniques
Modulation Techniques
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Analog Data, Digital Signal
signal
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Codec (Coder-decoder)
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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Sampling Theorem:
“If a signal is sampled at regular intervals at a rate
higher than twice the highest signal frequency, the
samples contain all information in original signal”
Samples can be used to reconstruct the original
signal
e.g., 100-4000Hz voice data, requires 2*4000=8000
sample per sec
These are analog samples, called Pulse
Amplitude Modulation (PAM) samples
To convert to digital, each of these analog
samples must be assigned a binary code
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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Example
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Companding (Compressing-Expanding)
Instead of non-linear encoding, use companding+linear
encoding
Companding gives more gain to weak signals than to strong
signals on the input. At output, the reverse operation is
performed
Y
X Compressing Expanding X
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Delta Modulation (DM)
An analog input is approximated by a staircase function that moves up or
down by one quantization level () at each sampling interval (Ts).
A 1 is generated if the staircase function is to go up during the next interval;
a 0 is generated
otherwise.
The staircase
function tracks
the original
waveform
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Delta Modulation Operation
For transmission:
the analog input is compared
to the most recent value of the
approximating staircase function.
Staircase
If the value of the analog input
exceeds that of the staircase
function, a 1 is generated;
otherwise, a 0 is generated.
Thus, the staircase
is always changed in the
direction of the input signal.
For reception:
The output of the
DM process is therefore a binary
sequence that can be used at the
receiver to reconstruct the
staircase function.
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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Versus Delta Modulation (DM)
DM has simplicity compared to PCM
DM has worse SNR compared to PCM
PCM requires more bandwidth
eg., for good voice reproduction with PCM
want 128 levels (7 bit) & voice bandwidth 4khz
need 8000 sample/s x 7bits/sample = 56kbps
PCM is more preferred than DM for analog
signals
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Analog Data, Analog Signal
Envelope of AM signal:
[1 na cos(2f m t )]
max . when cos(2f m t ) 1
min . when cos(2f m t ) 1
Amax 1 na
Amin 1 na
Amax Amin
na
Amax Amin
na *100 % : % Modulation
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Frequency Domain description of AM Signal
The Double SideBand Transmitted Carrier (DSBTC):
s (t ) [1 na cos(2f m t )] cos(2f c t )
cos(2f c t ) na cos(2f m t ) cos(2f c t )
1
employing the trigonometric identity : cos( ) cos( ) [cos( ) cos( )]
2
na
s (t ) cos(2f c t ) [cos(2 ( f c f m )t ) cos(2 ( f c f m )t )]
2
S( f )
Carrier
Lower Side Band Upper Side Band
(LSB) (USB)
f
0 fc fm fc fc fm
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Frequency Domain description of AM Signal
Consider a voice signal m(t) with a
bandwidth that extend from 300Hz
to 3000Hz being modulated on
a 60 KHz Carrier
Bandwidth B 3KHz
carrier f c 60 KHz
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Variations of AM signal
Double Side Band Transmitted carrier (DSBTC)
wast of power as the carrier is transmitted with the side
bands
wast of bandwidth as both upper and lower side bands are
transmitted (each side band contains the complete spectrum
of the message signal m(t) ): Transmitted bandwidth=BT=2B
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
Less power is required as no carrier is transmitted
wast of bandwidth as both upper and lower side bands are
transmitted: Transmitted bandwidth=BT=2B
Single Side Band (SSB)
Less power is required as no carrier is transmitted
Less bandwidth as one side band is transmitted: BT=B
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Angle Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM) are
special cases of angle modulation
Used in FM radio with carrier 88 MHz f c 108 MHz
The angle modulated signal is expressed as:
s(t ) Ac cos(2f c t (t ))
Phase Modulation (PM): - Example: find s(t) if
(t ) n p m(t ) (t ) n p cos(2f m t )
where
n p : phase Modulation index s(t ) Ac cos[2f c t n p cos(2f m t )]
m(t ) : input message signal
Max. phase deviation n p Am n p
Max. phase deviation n p Am
where Am is the max . of m(t )
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Frequency Modulation (FM)
The angle modulated signal is expressed as:
s(t ) Ac cos(2f c t (t ))
FM when: - Example: find s(t) if
d (t ) d (t )
n f m(t ) n f sin(2f m t )
dt dt
n f : frequency Modulation index
The frequency at any time :
d
(t ) n f sin(2f m t )dt
2f i (t ) [2f c t (t )] nf
dt cos(2f m t )
f i (t ) f c n f m(t ) / 2 2f m
nf
Max. freq . deviationF n f Am / 2 s (t ) cos[2f t cos(2f m t ) ]
2f m
c
where Am is the max . of m(t )
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Transmitted Bandwidth for AM, PM and FM
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