Analog Techniques in Communication Channel: Analog Channel AM & FM Modulations Analog Channel Multiplexing
Analog Techniques in Communication Channel: Analog Channel AM & FM Modulations Analog Channel Multiplexing
Analog Techniques in Communication Channel: Analog Channel AM & FM Modulations Analog Channel Multiplexing
Analog Techniques in
Communication Channel
Analog channel
AM & FM modulations
Analog channel multiplexing
Communication channel
message
signal
Message source
Message source
signal estimate
message
estimate
Communication channel – a 2-point connection that allows
communication between the parties. Every message sent by a sender
reaches receiving side (is received)
Analog communication channel
SNR = S/N
Analog communication channel
x(t) xR(t)
Modulator physical Demodulator
transmission
means
pulse
|T(f)| modulations
f
Lowpass channel
|T(f)| Harmonic
modulations
f
Bandpass channel (narrow-, wideband)
Bandpass channels
modulating signal
carrier signal
T[x(t)] g(t)=T[x(t)]·c(t)
modulated signal
c(t) = cos (2f0t)
Properties of signal spectrum - reminder
Modulation property
xt cos(2f ot ) X f f o X f f o
1
2
X(f)
-fo +fo
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Spectra of AM
AM DSB SC
g(t)=4A/·x(t)· (-1)k-1
cos[(2k-1) 2f0t] t
k=1 2k-1
x(t) g(t)
c(t)
Ring modulator
f0 3f0 5f0
AM modulator (2)
AM DSB generation
AM SSB modulator
+
-
x(t) Gene cos(2f0t) gUSB(t)
rator
Phase
Hilbert shift -90º
^ (2f0t)]
gUSB(t)=½[x(t)cos(2f0t) - x(t)sin
transf
^
x(t) sin(2f0t)
AM demodulation (2)
Ring Lowpass
modulator filter
Agcos(2fgt+g)
Stablilized
sine wave Sm(f)
generator
-2f0 0 2f0
AM demodulation (1)
AM LF
signal signal
(HF)
x(t)Acos(2f0 t)+z(t)
FM in time domain
FM signal spectrum
2f
f – deviation (amplitude of
frequency alteration e.g. 75kHz) BT = 2(f + B) –
conventional bandwidth
BT >> B
FM modulator
g(t)
x(t) Frequency Bandpass
VCO multiplier
AM modulator
filter
Stabilized
sinewave
generator
1/2
f(t)=
(L1 + L2)[ C0 + Cx(t) ]
C <<1
C0
L2 L1
f0-f
f0-f f0
FM demodulator
g(t)
4Aakf·x(t)
f0
BT
[1+kx(t)] cos[2f0t + 2kf x()d
0
+ ½]
G(f)
f AM SSB moderate
G(f)
f FM very good
Properties of analog modulations
AM-DSB ½ 2Bm
AM-
DSB-SC 1 2Bm
AM-
Wide 1 Bm
SSB-SC
bandwidth
FM* large *
2(f+Bm)
2
BT
Bm
Analog modulations
Channel sharing
Channel sharing (multiplexing)
narrowband signals
x1(t)
mod
x2(t)
mod
x3(t)
mod
f0 f0 +f f0 +2f f
f0 f0 +f f0 +2f N–
channels
M1 cos(2f0)
Applications:
M2 cos(2f0+f)
M3 cos(2f0+2f) radio and television systems
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
N – channels
Wideband spectrum of
2 the TDM
M1 (nT0)
M2 (nT0 +)
M3 (nT0 +2)
BWFDM=2NB
B
FDM Multiplexed
channel requires
f 2NB bandwidth at
minimum!
G(f) 1
BWTDM= BWTDM >BWFDM
1
TDM T0 f
Recapitulation
Issue Description
Characteristics of an analog
channel
Modulation goals
AM&FM modulation
properties
Multiplexing goals
Analog multiplexing
Requirements for
bandwith/throughput
Next lecture:
„Digital techniques”