Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
22 views

Sample Designs and Sampling Procedures

The document discusses key concepts in sampling including populations, sampling frames, sampling units, probability and non-probability sampling methods, and formulas for calculating sample size. It defines populations, samples, sampling units. It distinguishes between probability methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and non-probability methods like convenience sampling, judgment sampling, and snowball sampling. It provides examples of clusters and discusses factors to consider when choosing a sample design. It also presents formulas for calculating sample size based on confidence level, estimated proportion, maximum error, and population size.

Uploaded by

sleshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views

Sample Designs and Sampling Procedures

The document discusses key concepts in sampling including populations, sampling frames, sampling units, probability and non-probability sampling methods, and formulas for calculating sample size. It defines populations, samples, sampling units. It distinguishes between probability methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and non-probability methods like convenience sampling, judgment sampling, and snowball sampling. It provides examples of clusters and discusses factors to consider when choosing a sample design. It also presents formulas for calculating sample size based on confidence level, estimated proportion, maximum error, and population size.

Uploaded by

sleshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Sample Designs and Sampling

Procedures
Sampling Terminology
• Sample
• Population or universe
• Population element
• Census
Sample
• Subset of a larger population
Population
• Any complete group
– People
– Sales territories
– Stores
Census
• Investigation of all individual elements that
make up a population
Stages in the
Define the target population
Selection
of a Sample Select a sampling frame

Determine if a probability or nonprobability


sampling method will be chosen

Plan procedure
for selecting sampling units

Determine sample size

Select actual sampling units

Conduct fieldwork
Target Population
• Relevant population

• Operationally define

• Comic book reader?


Sampling Frame
• A list of elements from which the sample
may be drawn
• Working population
• Sampling frame error: the error that happens
when we use the wrong sampling frame
Sampling Units
• Group selected for the sample
• Primary Sampling Units (PSU)
• Secondary Sampling Units
• Tertiary Sampling Units
Errors Associated with Sampling

• Sampling frame error


• Random sampling error
• Nonresponse error
Two Major Categories of
Sampling
• Probability sampling
• Known, nonzero probability for every
element
• Nonprobability sampling
• Probability of selecting any particular
member is unknown
Nonprobability Sampling
• Convenience
• Judgment
• Quota
• Snowball
Probability Sampling
• Simple random sample
• Systematic sample
• Stratified sample
• Cluster sample
• Multistage area sample
Convenience Sampling

• Also called haphazard or accidental


sampling
• The sampling procedure of obtaining the
people or units that are most conveniently
available
Judgment Sampling
• Also called purposive sampling
• An experienced individual selects the
sample based on his or her judgment about
some appropriate characteristics required of
the sample member
Quota Sampling
• Ensures that the various subgroups in a
population are represented on pertinent
sample characteristics
• To the exact extent that the investigators
desire
• It should not be confused with stratified
sampling.
Snowball Sampling
• A variety of procedures
• Initial respondents are selected by
probability methods
• Additional respondents are obtained from
information provided by the initial
respondents
Simple Random Sampling
• A sampling procedure that ensures that each
element in the population will have an equal
chance of being included in the sample
Systematic Sampling
• A simple process
• Every nth name from the list will be drawn
Stratified Sampling
• Probability sample
• Subsamples are drawn within different
strata
• Each stratum is more or less equal on some
characteristic
• Do not confuse with quota sample
Cluster Sampling
• The purpose of cluster sampling is to
sample economically while retaining the
characteristics of a probability sample.
• The primary sampling unit is no longer the
individual element in the population
• The primary sampling unit is a larger cluster
of elements located in proximity to one
another
Examples of Clusters
Population Element Possible Clusters in the United States

Ethiopian. adult population Regions


Zones
woredas
Kebeles
Housholds
What is the
Appropriate Sample Design?
• Degree of accuracy
• Resources
• Time
• Advanced knowledge of the population
• Need for statistical analysis
Sample size
2 Where:


n 
zs  n = Sample size
Z = The confidence interval in standard error

E
units.
S = Sample standard deviation
p = Estimated proportion of success
2 q = (1-p) or estimated the proportion of
Z pq
n
failures
E = The maximum allowance for error
2
E between population mean and sample mean
or between population proportion and sample
proportion
Sample Size Formula - Example
• Suppose, in the same example as the one before,
the range of error (E) is acceptable at $4.00,
sample size is reduced.

 zs   1.9629.00
2 2

n     
E  4.00 
2
56.84
  14.21  202
2

 4.00 
Calculating sample size for
proportion
• Proportion

p  .6 ( 1. 96 ) 2 (. 6 )(. 4 )
n 
q  .4 ( . 035 ) 2
(3. 8416 )(. 24 )

001225
. 922

. 001225
 753
For known population

𝑵
• n=
𝟏+𝑵 𝒆 𝟐

Where, n= sample size

• N= size of the
population

• e= level of precision
Sample Size for unknown
Proportion
2
Z pq
n 2
E
z2pq
n 2
E
Where:
n = Number of items in samples

Z2 = The square of the confidence interval


in standard error units.

p = Estimated proportion of success

q = (1-p) or estimated the proportion of failures

E2 = The square of the maximum allowance for error


between the true proportion and sample proportion
or zsp squared.

You might also like