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Sample Designs and Sampling Procedures

This document discusses key concepts related to sampling, including: 1) It defines common sampling terminology like samples, populations, sampling frames, censuses, and probability and non-probability sampling. 2) It explains different sampling designs like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and area sampling. 3) It discusses factors to consider for good sample design like minimizing sampling error and controlling systematic bias.

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rashmisulabh
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
762 views

Sample Designs and Sampling Procedures

This document discusses key concepts related to sampling, including: 1) It defines common sampling terminology like samples, populations, sampling frames, censuses, and probability and non-probability sampling. 2) It explains different sampling designs like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and area sampling. 3) It discusses factors to consider for good sample design like minimizing sampling error and controlling systematic bias.

Uploaded by

rashmisulabh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sample Designs and Sampling

Procedures
Sampling Terminology
• Sample
• Population or universe
• Population element
• Census
• Sampling frame
Sample
• Subset of a larger population
Population
• Any complete group
– People
– Sales territories
– Stores
– The population or universe can be finite or
infinite
Census
• Investigation of all individual elements that
make up a population
Sampling frame
• The elementary units or the group of the
units may form the basis of sampling
process in which,they are called as
sampling units. A list containing all such
sampling units is known as sampling frame.
Thus, sampling frame consists of a list of
items from which the sample is to be drawn.
Stages in the Define the target population
Selection
of a Sample Select a sampling frame

Determine if a probability or nonprobability


sampling method will be chosen

Plan procedure
for selecting sampling units

Determine sample size

Select actual sampling units

Conduct fieldwork
Target Population
• Relevant population
• Operationally define
Sampling design
• A sample design is a definite plan for
obtaining a sample from the sampling
frame. It refers to the technique or the
procedure the researcher would adopt in
selecting some sampling units from which
inferences about the population is drawn
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
SAMPLE DESIGN
• Sample design must result in a truly representative sample.
• Sample design must be such which results in a small
sampling error.
• Sample design must be viable in the context of funds
available for the research study.
• Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be
controlled in a better way.
• Sample should be such that the results of the sample study
can be applied, in general, for the universe with a
reasonable level of confidence.
Steps in sample design
• Type of universe
• Sampling unit
• Source list
• Size of sample
• Parameters of interest
• Budgetary constraint
• Sampling procedure
Types of Errors
• Sampling errors
• Systematic errors.
Errors Associated with Sampling
• Sampling frame error
• Random sampling error
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
Systematic Error
• Inappropriate sampling frame
• Defective measuring device
• Non-respondents
• Natural bias in the reporting of data
• Indeterminancy principle
While selecting a sampling
procedure, researcher must ensure
that the procedure causes a
relatively small sampling error and
helps to control the systematic bias
in a better way.
Two Major Categories of
Sampling
• Probability sampling

Probability sampling is also known as ‘random


sampling’ or ‘chance sampling’. Under this
sampling design, every item of the universe has an
equal chance of inclusion in the sample. It is, so to
say, a lottery method in which individual units are
picked up from the whole group not deliberately but
by some mechanical process.
Two Major Categories of Sampling
• Nonprobability sampling

In this type of sampling, items for the sample are selected


deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the
items remains supreme. In other words, under non-
probability sampling the organisers of the inquiry
purposively choose the particular units of the universe for
constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that
they so select out of a huge one will be typical or
representative of the whole. For instance, if economic
conditions of people living in a state are to be studied, a
few towns and villages may be purposively selected for
intensive study on the principle that they can be
representative of the entire state.
Nonprobability Sampling
• Convenience
• Judgment
• Quota
Probability Sampling
• Simple random sample
• Systematic sample
• Stratified sample
• Cluster sample
• Area sampling
Convenience Sampling

• Also called haphazard or accidental


sampling
• The sampling procedure of obtaining the
people or units that are most conveniently
available
Judgment Sampling
• Also called purposive sampling
• An experienced individual selects the
sample based on his or her judgment about
some appropriate characteristics required
of the sample member
Quota Sampling
• Ensures that the various subgroups in a
population are represented on pertinent
sample characteristics
• To the exact extent that the investigators
desire
• It should not be confused with stratified
sampling.
Simple Random Sampling
• A sampling procedure that ensures that each
element in the population will have an equal
chance of being included in the sample
Systematic Sampling
• A simple process
• Every nth name from the list will be drawn
Stratified Sampling
• Probability sample
• Sub samples are drawn within different
strata
• Each stratum is more or less equal on some
characteristic
Cluster Sampling
• Suppose we want to estimate the proportion of
machine- parts in an inventory which are
defective. Also assume that there are 20000
machine parts in the inventory at a given point of
time, stored in 400 cases of 50 each. Now using a
cluster sampling, we would consider the 400 cases
as clusters and randomly select ‘n’ cases and
examine all the machine- parts in each randomly
selected case.
Examples of Clusters
Population Element Possible Clusters in the United States

U.S. adult population


Countries
Metropolitan Statistical Area
Census tracts
Blocks
Households
Examples of Clusters

Population Element Possible Clusters in the United States

College seniors Colleges


Manufacturing firms Countries
Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Localities
Plants
Examples of Clusters
Population Element Possible Clusters in the United States

Airline travelers Airports


Planes

Sports fans Football stadiums


Basketball arenas
Baseball parks
Area sampling
• If clusters happen to be some geographic
subdivisions, in that case cluster sampling is
better known as area sampling.
What is the
Appropriate Sample Design?
• Degree of accuracy
• Resources
• Time
• Advanced knowledge of the population
• National versus local
Internet Sampling is Unique
• Internet surveys allow researchers to rapidly
reach a large sample.
• Speed is both an advantage and a
disadvantage.
• Sample size requirements can be met
overnight or almost instantaneously.
• Survey should be kept open long enough so all
sample units can participate.
Internet Sampling
• Major disadvantage
– lack of computer ownership and Internet access
among certain segments of the population
• Yet Internet samples may be representative of
a target populations.
– target population - visitors to a particular Web site.
• Hard to reach subjects may participate
THANK YOU !!!!!!!

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