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    Wireless Networks

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    Sudheer Prabhu
    The document discusses wireless networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs). It covers wireless technology overview, IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards, securing WLANs, migrating to WLANs, and compares performance of wired vs. wireless networks. The key aspects of WLANs discussed include how they work using radio frequencies, common standards like 802.11a/b/g, security issues and solutions, required hardware, and factors to consider for antenna selection and placement.

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    Wireless Networks

    Uploaded by

    Sudheer Prabhu
    125 views20 pages
    The document discusses wireless networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs). It covers wireless technology overview, IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards, securing WLANs, migrating to WLANs, and compares performance of wired vs. wireless networks. The key aspects of WLANs discussed include how they work using radio frequencies, common standards like 802.11a/b/g, security issues and solutions, required hardware, and factors to consider for antenna selection and placement.

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    The document discusses wireless networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs). It covers wireless technology overview, IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards, securing WLANs, migrating to WLANs, and compares performance of wired vs. wireless networks. The key aspects of WLANs discussed include how they work using radio frequencies, common standards like 802.11a/b/g, security issues and solutions, required hardware, and factors to consider for antenna selection and placement.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    125 views20 pages

    Wireless Networks

    Uploaded by

    Sudheer Prabhu
    The document discusses wireless networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs). It covers wireless technology overview, IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards, securing WLANs, migrating to WLANs, and compares performance of wired vs. wireless networks. The key aspects of WLANs discussed include how they work using radio frequencies, common standards like 802.11a/b/g, security issues and solutions, required hardware, and factors to consider for antenna selection and placement.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Wireless Networks

    Authors:
    Archana Vivekananda Polytechnic
    Puttur

    August 08, 2010


    Presentation Outline

    • Wireless Technology overview


    • The IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standards
    • Secure Wireless LANs
    • Migrating to Wireless LANs
    Wireless?
    • Wireless network is a network set up by using
    radio signal frequency to communicate among
    computers and other network devices.
    • The last link with the users is wireless, to give a
    network connection to all users in a building or
    campus.
    • It’s also referred to as WiFi network or WLAN.
    How do wireless LANs work?

    Wireless equipment transmits the data using


    radio waves. The frequencies vary depending
    on the specific equipment being used.

    The data to be transported is superimposed on


    the radio carrier by various modulation
    techniques.
    How are WLANs Different?
    • They use specialized physical and data link
    protocols
    • They integrate into existing networks through access
    points which provide a bridging function
    • They let you stay connected as you roam from one
    coverage area to another
    • They have unique security considerations
    • They have specific interoperability requirements
    • They require different hardware
    • They offer performance that differs from wired
    LANs.
    Physical and Data Link Layers
    Physical Layer:
    • The wireless NIC takes frames of data from
    the link layer, scrambles the data in a
    predetermined way, then uses the modified
    data stream to modulate a radio carrier
    signal.
    Data Link Layer:
    • Uses Carriers-Sense-Multiple-Access with
    Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
    Is WLAN is Secure?
    • In theory, spread spectrum radio signals are
    inherently difficult to decipher without knowing
    the exact hopping sequences or direct
    sequence codes used
    • The IEEE 802.11 standard specifies optional
    security called "Wired Equivalent Privacy"
    whose goal is that a wireless LAN offer privacy
    equivalent to that offered by a wired LAN. The
    standard also specifies optional authentication
    measures.
    Hardware used in Wireless Network
    • PC Card, either with integral antenna or with
    external antenna/RF module.
    • ISA Card with external antenna connected by
    cable.
    • Handheld terminals
    • Access points
    Hardware

    CISCO Aironet 350 series Wireless Handheld Terminal

    Semi Parabolic Antenna BreezeCOM AP


    Performance
    • 802.11a offers speeds with a theoretically
    maximum rate of 54Mbps in the 5 GHz band
    • 802.11b offers speeds with a theoretically
    maximum rate of 11Mbps at in the 2.4 GHz
    spectrum band
    • 802.11g is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11
    specification that extended throughput to up to
    54 Mbps using the same 2.4 GHz band as
    802.11b.
    What is 802.11?
    • A family of wireless LAN (WLAN) specifications
    developed by a working group at the Institute of
    Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
    • Defines standard for WLANs using the following four
    technologies
    • Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
    • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
    • Infrared (IR)
    • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
    • Versions: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11e,
    802.11f, 802.11i
    802.11 - Transmission
    • Most wireless LAN products operate in
    unlicensed radio bands
    • 2.4 GHz is most popular
    • Available in most parts of the world
    • No need for user licensing
    • Most wireless LANs use spread-spectrum radio
    • Resistant to interference, secure
    • Two popular methods
    • Frequency Hopping (FH)
    • Direct Sequence (DS)
    Frequency Hopping Vs. Direct Sequence
    • FH systems use a radio carrier that “hops” from frequency to
    frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter and receiver
    • Easy to implement
    • Resistance to noise
    • Limited throughput (2-3 Mbps @ 2.4 GHz)
    • DS systems use a carrier that remains fixed to a specific
    frequency band. The data signal is spread onto a much larger
    range of frequencies (at a much lower power level) using a
    specific encoding scheme.
    • Much higher throughput than FH (11 Mbps)
    • Better range
    • Less resistant to noise (made up for by redundancy – it transmits at
    least 10 fully redundant copies of the original signal at the same time)
    Authentication
    Means:
    • Based on cryptography
    • Non-cryptographic
    • Both are identity-based verification mechanisms
    (devices request access based on the SSID –
    Service Set Identifier of the wireless network).
    Authentication
    • Authentication techniques
    Privacy in Wireless Network

    • Cryptographic techniques
    • WEP Uses RC4 symmetric key, stream cipher
    algorithm to generate a pseudo random data
    sequence. The stream is XORed with the data
    to be transmitted
    • Unfortunately, recent attacks have shown that
    the WEP approach for privacy is vulnerable to
    certain attack regardless of key size
    Data Integrity

    • Data integrity is data that has a complete or


    whole structure.
    • Data integrity is ensured by a simple encrypted
    version of CRC (Cyclic Redundant Check)
    • Also vulnerable to some attacks
    Security Problems
    • Security features in Wireless products are frequently
    not enabled.
    • Use of static WEP keys (keys are in use for a very long
    time). WEP does not provide key management.
    • Cryptographic keys are short.
    • No user authentication occurs – only devices are
    authenticated. A stolen device can access the network.
    • Identity based systems are vulnerable.
    • Packet integrity is poor.
    Antenna Selection and Placement
    • Permanently attached.
    • Remote antennas connected using an antenna cable.
    • Coax cable used for RF has a high signal loss, should
    not be mounted more than a 1 or 2 meters away from
    the device.
    • Placement: consider building construction, ceiling
    height, obstacles, and aesthetics. Different materials
    (cement, steel) have different radio propagation
    characteristics.
    Which is better - wired or wireless?
    • If you are very cost-conscious, need maximum
    performance of your home system, and don't care
    much about mobility, then a wired Ethernet LAN is
    probably right for you.
    • If on the other hand, cost is less of an issue, you like
    being an early adopter of leading-edge technologies,
    and you are really concerned about the task of wiring
    your home or small business with Ethernet cable, then
    you should certainly consider a wireless LAN.

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