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    Wifi A-31

    Uploaded by

    Amrit Sian
    Wi-Fi was invented in 1991. It allows devices to connect to the internet or communicate with one another wirelessly within a particular range. There are different Wi-Fi standards that operate at different speeds such as 802.11b (11 Mbps), 802.11a (54 Mbps), and 802.11g (54 Mbps hybrid). A Wi-Fi network requires wireless network cards in devices, an access point to broadcast the wireless signal, and may use security techniques like WEP, WPA, and AES encryption to protect the network from threats. Common Wi-Fi security threats include eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Wifi A-31

    Uploaded by

    Amrit Sian
    39 views40 pages
    Wi-Fi was invented in 1991. It allows devices to connect to the internet or communicate with one another wirelessly within a particular range. There are different Wi-Fi standards that operate at different speeds such as 802.11b (11 Mbps), 802.11a (54 Mbps), and 802.11g (54 Mbps hybrid). A Wi-Fi network requires wireless network cards in devices, an access point to broadcast the wireless signal, and may use security techniques like WEP, WPA, and AES encryption to protect the network from threats. Common Wi-Fi security threats include eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks.

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    Wi-Fi was invented in 1991. It allows devices to connect to the internet or communicate with one another wirelessly within a particular range. There are different Wi-Fi standards that operate at different speeds such as 802.11b (11 Mbps), 802.11a (54 Mbps), and 802.11g (54 Mbps hybrid). A Wi-Fi network requires wireless network cards in devices, an access point to broadcast the wireless signal, and may use security techniques like WEP, WPA, and AES encryption to protect the network from threats. Common Wi-Fi security threats include eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    39 views40 pages

    Wifi A-31

    Uploaded by

    Amrit Sian
    Wi-Fi was invented in 1991. It allows devices to connect to the internet or communicate with one another wirelessly within a particular range. There are different Wi-Fi standards that operate at different speeds such as 802.11b (11 Mbps), 802.11a (54 Mbps), and 802.11g (54 Mbps hybrid). A Wi-Fi network requires wireless network cards in devices, an access point to broadcast the wireless signal, and may use security techniques like WEP, WPA, and AES encryption to protect the network from threats. Common Wi-Fi security threats include eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, and denial-of-service attacks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 40

    Wi-Fi

    Presented By-
    Wifi’ What it stands
    for?
    “Wi-fi suggests Wireless-Fidelity, compared with the long
    established audio recording term High Fidelity or Hi-Fi.”
    Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked term meaning IEEE 802.11x.

    .
    When Wi-Fi
    Originated ?
    • The precursor to wi-fi was invented in
    1991 by NCR Corporation in Nieuwegein,
    the Netherland.
    • The first wireless products were brought
    on the market under the name WaveLAN
    with speeds of 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s.
    • Vic Hayes has been named as father of
    “Wi-Fi’’.
    The Architecture
    How Wi-Fi Works?
    Wi-Fi Standards
    Standard Speed Freq band Notes
    • 802.11 2 Mbps 2.4 GHz (1997)
    802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz (1999)
    802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11g
    54 Mbps 2.4 GHz
    Introduction to Wireless /802.11b

    Standards
    IEEE 802.11.b –2.4GHz – 11Mbps
    International standard for wireless networking that
    operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range (2.4 GHz to
    2.4835 GHz) and provides a throughput of up to 11 Mbps
    with a range of just over 300 feet indoors. This is a very
    commonly used frequency. Microwave ovens, cordless
    phones, medical and scientific equipment, as well as
    Bluetooth devices, all work within the 2.4 GHz frequency
    band.
    Introduction to Wireless /802.11b

    Standards
    IEEE 802.11.b –2.4GHz – 11Mbps
    802.11b enables transfers of up to 11 Mbps.
    Comparable to 10BaseT in speeds, 802.11b is the most
    common wireless standard deployed today. In
    comparison T1 speeds are 1.54Mbps and DSL is
    normally in the 640Kbps range.

    Most deployments of Wireless utilize 802.11b


    Introduction to Wireless /802.11b

    Standards
    IEEE 802.11.a –5GHz – 11Mbps
    International standard for wireless networking that
    operates in the 5 GHz frequency range (5.725 GHz to
    5.850 GHz) with a maximum 54 Mbps data transfer
    rate. The 5 GHz frequency band is not as crowded as
    the 2.4 GHz frequency, because the 802.11a
    specification offers more radio channels than the
    802.11b. These additional channels can help avoid
    radio and microwave interference.
    Cost of 802.11a equipment is approximately twice that
    of 802.11b and current deployment is limited.
    Introduction to Wireless /802.11b

    Standards
    • IEEE 802.11.b –2.4GHz – 11Mbps
    • IEEE 802.11.a – 5GHz – 54 Mbps
    • IEEE 802.11g – 2.4Ghz – Hybrid
    11/54Mbps
    802.11g is in the final stages of development.
    The current draft (V5.0) is open for
    comments until January 8, 2003.
    802.11a (Cont’d)

    802.11a 802.11b

    2 Mbps
    12 Mbps

    5.5 Mbps
    24 Mbps
    36 Mbps
    48 Mbps
    11 Mbps
    54 Mbps
    What a wireless network
    is made up of:
    Wireless Network cards

    - Radios which send and receive signals from other radios or


    access points, usually PCMCIA* cards which fit into Laptop
    expansion slots, or PCI Bus in case of Desktop computers.
    (There are other, simpler options using USB).
    PDAs like Blackberry, and Pocket PC having a compact flash slot
    can also connect.

    * PCMCIA – Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.


    .
    What a wireless network is
    made up of:
    Base stations, Access points, or Gateways

    - The base station sends and receives radio signals to and from
    the Wi-Fi radio in your laptop or PC, enabling you to share your
    Internet connection with other users on the network. Access
    points and gateways have a wide range of features and
    performance capabilities, but they all provide this basic network
    connection service.

    .
    WLAN Architecture—Ad
    Hoc Mode
     Ad-Hoc mode: Peer-to-peer setup where
    clients can connect to each other directly.
    Generally not used for business networks.
    WLAN Architecture--
    Mesh
     Mesh: Every client in
    the network also acts
    as an access or relay
    point, creating a “self-
    healing” and (in
    theory) infinitely
    extensible network.
     Not yet in widespread
    use, unlikely to be in
    homes.
    WLAN Architecture—
    Infrastructure Mode

    To Wired Network
    Propagation Characteristics
     900MHz
     Multipath: High
     Foliage: Pine (Absorb Radiation)
     2.4GHz
     Multipath: Very High (Concrete, Brick, Steel)
     Foliage: Any Absorbs Radiation (water resonance)
     5GHz
     Multipath: Very High (Concrete, Brick, Steel, Foliage)
     Foliage: Limited Absorption

    As you increase the frequency, the coverage area


    decreases – but potential data rates increase.
    17
    Elements of a WI-FI
    Network
    • Access Point (AP) - The AP is a wireless LAN
    transceiver or “base station” that can connect one or many
    wireless devices simultaneously to the Internet.

    • Wi-Fi cards - They accept the wireless signal and relay


    information.They can be internal and external.(e.g PCMCIA
    Card for Laptop and PCI Card for Desktop PC)

    • Safeguards - Firewalls and anti-virus software protect


    networks from uninvited users and keep information secure.
    How a Wi-Fi Network
    Works
    • Basic concept is same as Walkie talkies.
    • A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to
    an internet connection.
    • An access point acts as a base station.
    • When Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hotspot the
    device can then connect to that network wirelessly.
    • A single access point can support up to 30 users and
    can function within a range of 100 – 150 feet indoors and
    up to 300 feet outdoors.
    • Many access points can be connected to each other via
    Ethernet cables to create a single large network.
    Wi-Fi Configurations
    Wi-Fi Configurations
    Wi-Fi Configurations
    Wi-Fi Security
    The requirements for Wi-Fi network
    security can be broken down into two
    primary components:
    • Authentication
     User Authentication
     Server Authentication
    • Privacy
    Security techniques

    • WEP ( wired equivalent privacy) 64/128 bits


    Using RC4 algorithm, almost permanent key, very week
    security, able to crack by collecting statistic
    Current security level for 99.9% products on the market.
    • TKIP (temporal key integrity protocol )
    Used RC4 algorithm with with a 128-bit "temporal key"
    but changes temporal keys every 10,000 packets and key dependes
    on address and sequence number.
    Will be required to obtain WiFi certification from 09/01/03
    • AES (Advanced Encryption Standard )
    New, much more stronger encryption, protect against hacker frames in
    insertion. Need hardware accelerator. Optional feature.

    WiFi 24
    Security (Encryption, Content Filtering, Privacy, etc.)
    Partition The Network
    – A safe practice is to create two separate
    networks. A private network for day to day
    business and a network for public access.
    Both can be wireless. These networks can
    talk to one another through a proxy server
    that will protect the private network from
    malicious attacks via the public network.
    Security (Encryption, Content Filtering, Privacy, etc.)
    Encryption
    • Encryption on the pubic network can be used
    but would create administrative overhead.
    Encryption keys would have to be changed
    regularly and anyone using their own laptop
    would have to be given the key.
    • Encryption works best in a network that does
    not allow people to use their own laptops.
    • Encryption increases privacy, but can be
    thwarted, either by software, or by gaining
    access to a PC configured with wireless and
    writing down the key.
    Security (Encryption, Content Filtering, Privacy, etc.)
    Content Filtering & Proxy Servers
    Web content filtering that has generally been
    software on the desktop would have to be handled
    by a server if people are allowed to use their own
    laptops.

    Proxy servers allow you to control what information


    people have access to. This is a good practice
    anyway, allowing you to control at a global level
    what information travels over your network. It also
    allows you to track usage.
    Security (Encryption, Content Filtering, Privacy, etc.)
    Viruses and Hacker
    – Wireless does not add any additional threat
    in the way of viruses.
    – Anyone, anywhere can attack a network
    that is connected to the Internet. Wireless
    does not increase that chance. Security
    measures such as firewalls, can reduce the
    risk.
    Wi-Fi Security Threats
    • Wireless technology doesn’t remove any
    old security issues, but introduces new
    ones
    • Eavesdropping
    • Man-in-the-middle attacks
    • Denial of Service
    Eavesdropping
    • Easy to perform, almost impossible to detect
    • By default, everything is transmitted in clear text
    • Usernames, passwords, content ...
    • No security offered by the transmission medium
    • Different tools available on the internet
    • Network sniffers, protocol analysers . . .
    • Password collectors
    • With the right equipment, it’s possible to
    eavesdrop traffic from few kilometers away
    MITM Attack
    1. Attacker spoofes a
    disassociate message
    from the victim
    2. The victim starts to look
    for a new access point,
    and the attacker
    advertises his own AP
    on a different channel,
    using the real AP’s MAC
    address
    3. The attacker connects
    to the real AP using
    victim’s MAC address
    Denial of Service
    • Attack on transmission frequecy used
    • Frequency jamming
    • Not very technical, but works
    • Attack on MAC layer
    • Spoofed deauthentication / disassociation messages
    • can target one specific user
    • Attacks on higher layer protocol (TCP/IP protocol)
    • SYN Flooding
    Authentication
    • Keeping unauthorized users off the network
    • User Authentication
    • Authentication Server is used
    • Username and password
    • Risk:
    • Data (username & password) send before secure channel
    established
    • Prone to passive eavesdropping by attacker
    • Solution
    • Establishing a encrypted channel before sending username
    and password
    Authentication
    (cont..)
    • Server Authentication
    • Digital Certificate is used
    • Validation of digital certificate occurs
    automatically within client software
    ypical Community Wifi Constituents
    High gain Parabolic grid antennas to
    beam the signal to over 30km from
    tower to tower..

    Sector antennas to beam the signal


    from the towers to the community
    users

    Customer Premises equipment (CPE)


    to access the signal from the towers..

    Other components that need to be


    installed in order to put the above
    systems together .
    Environment Assessment

    • Look at the structure of your building.


    – Steel, Concrete, Stone, Glass
    – Open w/ few walls or many separate
    rooms?
    • Current technologies used
    – Do you use a 2.4 GHz cordless phone?
    Does it work throughout your environment?
    Advantages
    • Mobility
    • Ease of Installation
    • Flexibility
    • Cost
    • Reliability
    • Security
    • Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
    • Roaming
    • Speed
    Advantages of Wi-Fi over
    other means
    •Wi-fi can make access publicly available at
    wi-fi hotspots.
    • Does not require regulatory approval for
    individual.
    • Wi-fi network can support roaming.
    • Wi-fi allows local area network to deployed
    without wires for client devices.
    Capabilities and Uses
    High data transmission rate and high reliability in all weather
    conditions, and an always available (95% Uptime) network makes
    wifi a robust solution suitable for high bandwidth applications….

    - Online video-conferencing with greater clarity


    -Telephony, using VoIP
    - Revenue-model for budding start-up ISPs
    - Broadband in the true sense
    - Easier reach into far-flung rural areas
    - Ability to add more nodes as and when required
    - Less maintenance overheads, especially in Rural
    areas where technical manpower is scarce.
    .
    Limitations
    • Interference
    • Degradation in performance
    • High power consumption
    • Limited range

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