2.

ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
1-Projection of a point

Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’

a' A

a’’
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a' a’’’

a’’

Plan (Pl.)
2-Projection of a line

Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’

a' A

a’’
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’
a'

a’’

Plan (Pl.)
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a' a’’’

a’’

Plan (Pl.)
2-Projection of a line

Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’

a' A

a’’
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’
a'

a’’

Plan (Pl.)
3-Projection of a plane

Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’

a' A

a’’
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’
a'

a’’

Plan (Pl.)
-Projection of a circular plane
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’
a'

a’’

Plan (Pl.)
-Projection of a hexagonal plane
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a’’’
a'

a’’

Plan (Pl.)
4-Projection of a line inclined one plane

Side view ( S. V.)

a’
’’
a' A

a’
’
Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

a’
a' ’’

a’
’

Plan (Pl.)
 Projection of Solids

Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

Plan (Pl.)
 Projection of Solids

Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

Plan (Pl.)
 Projection of Solids

Elevation (Ele.) Side view ( S. V.)

Plan (Pl.)
 OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.
Edge Edge No edge

Corner No corner No corner

 OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting is a line that represents the last visible
element part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface

Limit
Limit
Sketching Multiview
Drawings
 Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is a technique
that is used to create multiview drawings.
Orthographic projection is any projection
of the features of an object onto an
imaginary plane of projection. The
projection of the features of the object is
made by lines of sight that are
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
 Orthographic Projection
•Orthographic projection is the name
given to the type of drawing where a 3D
object is drawn as 3 different 2D views.
 Multi-view Drawing
• Orthographic projection = 2-D
representation of a 3-D object.
 Width, Depth, and Height
All three-dimensional objects have width,
height, and depth.
Width is associated with an object’s side-
to-side dimension.
Height is the measure of an object from
top-to-bottom.
Depth is associated with front-to-back
distance.
Perspective Views
• This is how we see
things
• 3-Dimensional
• Easy to Visualize
• Sometimes hard to
draw ISOMETRIC
Drawing
 Orthographic Projection

The best way to

understand
orthographic
projection is to
imagine an object
contained inside
a glass box.
 Orthographic Projection
There is a total of
six glass walls
surrounding the
object. Each wall
represents a
projection plane
onto which a two-
dimensional object
view will be created.
 Projection Plane

The projection plane is the surface onto

which a two-dimensional view of a three-
dimensional object is projected and
created.
 Orthographic Projection
Start by focusing
only on the front
2
projection plane.
A person standing in 3

front of the object 1

would see only the
4
five corners
identified in black. 5
 Orthographic Projection
Projection lines are
used to project each
corner outward until
they reach the
projection plane.
 Projection Lines

A projection line is an imaginary line that

is used to locate or project the corners,
edges, and features of a three-dimensional
object onto an imaginary two-dimensional
surface.
 Orthographic Projection

The visible edges

of the object are
then identified on
the projection
plane by
connecting the
projected corners
with object lines.
 Orthographic Projection

The orthographic
projection
process is then
repeated on the
other projection
planes.
 Sketching a Multiview Drawing
Given the overall
dimensions of the
object, a pencil, and a
sheet of graph paper,
a sketching multiview
drawing can be easily
done using points,
construction lines, and
object lines.
 Examples

TOP
CABINET DRAWING

FRONT SIDE
 Representations

• Anywhere that you can see an edge, we

draw a solid line
• Anywhere that you cannot see an edge (it is
hidden), we draw a dashed line.
• Let’s see an example…
What if there was a Hole?

TOP
CABINET DRAWING

FRONT SIDE
 How about a Notch?

TOP
CABINET DRAWING

FRONT SIDE
Plan
Plan
 Plan

First angle
orthographic projection
Elevation (Ele.) Side view (S. V.)

Plan (Pl.) Isometric

 Exercise
• Fill the following dotted orthographic
projection with the appropriate line types.
Fill in the visible
lines in to top view.
Fill in the visible lines
in to front view.
Fill in the visible lines
in to right side view.
Fill in the hidden lines
in to front, top and
right side views.
Draw the center lines
in all the views.
NOTICE!
The small dashes cross in the
middle.

NOTICE!
The center line connects between
features in the same view.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:

Different Reference planes are

Horizontal Plane (HP),

Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
FOR T.V.
1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

x y

TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
 4
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
5

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW