SCM

SCM
– ORIGIN, DRIVERS,
CHALLENGES & BENEFITS
Presented by:
Bufwambu Joseph Masolo
Lecturer – PSCM – UMI
Tel: 0752-550595
Email: jbufwambu@gmail.com
Origin of SCM
• Over the last 100 plus years of the history of supply
chain management has evolved from an initial focus on
improving relatively simple, but very labor-intensive
processes to the present day engineering and
managing of extraordinarily complex global networks.
• Both industrial engineering and operations research
have their roots in logistics.
• Fredrick Taylor, who wrote The Principles of Scientific

Management in 1911 and is considered the father of
industrial engineering, focused his early research on
how to improve manual loading processes.
Origins…..
• Operations Research began when scientists
demonstrated the value of analytics in the study of
military logistics problems in the 1940s as a result
of the complex requirements of World War II.
• While Industrial Engineering and Operations
Research have each tried to maintain separate
identities, many of their biggest successes have
occurred when used in an integrated framework to
address supply chain and logistics issues.
• Increasingly this is referred to by industry as

“Supply Chain Engineering.”
• In the 1940s and 1950s, the focus of logistics
research was on how to use mechanization (e.g.,
pallets and pallet lifts) to improve the very labor
intensive processes of material handling and how
to take better advantage of space using racking
and better warehouse design and layout.
• In the mid 1950s, this concept was extended to

transportation management with the development
of intermodal containers together with ships,
trains, and trucks to handle these containers.
• This was a prerequisite for the supply chain
globalization that was to come much later.
• Although the terms “warehousing” and

“materials handling” were used to describe many
of these efforts, this work could be viewed as
fundamental applications of industrial engineering
rather than as a discipline of its own.
• By the 1960s, a clear trend had developed in shifting more
time-dependent freight transportation to truck rather than
rail.
• This led to the need for joint consideration of warehousing,

material handling, and freight transportation, which
emerged under the label of “Physical Distribution.”
• Academic research and education followed this trend to
satisfy the growing industry recognition of the needs in this
area.
• Prior to the 1960s, virtually all transactions and record

keeping were done manually. The computerization of this
data opened the door
• The technologies, particularly those from Operations
Research, that researchers had to this point only been able to
examine in theoretical models had now become much closer
to reality.
• However, there were still many difficult research issues to

resolve in the transition from theory to practice.
• In the US in the late 1970s and early 1980s, this led to the
creation at Georgia Tech of the Production and Distribution
Research Center, the Material Handling Research Center, and
the Computational Optimization Center.
• Each of these centers was focused on a different aspect of

what this new computer technology made possible.
• The 1980s marked the beginning of a sea-change in
logistics in the history of supply chain management.
• The emergence of personal computers in the early

1980s provided tremendously better computer
access to planners and a new graphical
environment for planning.
• This produced a flood of new technology including

flexible spreadsheets and map-based interfaces
which enabled huge improvements in logistics
planning and execution technology.
• Perhaps the most important trend for logistics in
the 1980s was that it had begun to get
tremendous recognition in industry as being very
expensive, very important, and very complex.
• Company executives became aware of logistics as

an area where they had the opportunity to
significantly improve the bottom line if they were
willing to invest in trained professionals and new
technology.
• In 1985, the National Council of Physical Distribution
Management changed its name to the Council of
Logistics Management (CLM).
• The reason given for the name change by the new

CLM was “to reflect the evolving discipline that
included the integration of inbound, outbound and
reverse flows of products, services, and related
information.”
• The logistics boom was fueled further in the 1990s by
the emergence of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
systems. – efficiency, costs, paperless, informed
decisions and better inventory management
• These systems were motivated in part by the successes
achieved by Material Requirements Planning systems
developed in the 1970s and 1980s, in part by the desire
to integrate the multiple databases that existed in
almost all companies and rarely talked to each other,
and in part by concerns that existing systems might have
catastrophic failures as a result of not being able to
handle the year 2000 date.
• In spite of some significant problems in getting the ERP

systems installed and working, by 2000 most large
companies had installed ERP systems. The result of this
change to ERP systems was a tremendous improvement
in data availability and accuracy.
• The new ERP software also dramatically increased recognition
of the need for better planning and integration among
logistics components. The result was a new generation of
“Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS)” software.
• The widespread recognition of the term “supply chain” has
come primarily as a result of the globalization of
manufacturing since the mid 1990s, particularly the growth
of manufacturing in China.
• U.S. imports from China grew from about $45 billion per year
in 1995 to more than $280 billion per year in 2006.
• The focus on globalization stressed the need for logistics

strategies to deal with complex networks including multiple
entities spanning multiple countries with diverse control.
• There has been an increasing trend to use the
term supply chain management to refer to
strategic issues and logistics to refer to tactical
and operational issues.
• This growing association of supply chain

management with strategy is reflected in the
Council of Logistics Management’s changing its
name to the Council of Supply Chain Management
Professionals in 2005.
• They make the distinction that “Logistics is that part of
the supply chain process that plans, implements, and
controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow
and storage of goods, services, and related information
between the point of origin and the point of
consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements”
• while “Supply Chain Management is the systemic,

strategic coordination of the traditional business
functions and the tactics across these business functions
within a particular company and across businesses
within the supply chain for the purposes of improving
the long-term performance of the individual companies
and the supply chain as a whole.”
The future of SCM
• Since the 1980s, computer technology has advanced at such a
phenomenal rate that it is currently far ahead of the ability of the supply
and logistics field to adequately utilize the new technologies.
• Given the extent of Internet usage today, it is hard to believe that

Microsoft’s Internet Explorer 1.0 was released in 1995.
• The communication capabilities have fundamentally changed the way we

think about communications and information sharing.
• However, supply chain and logistics planning is still primarily based on

the distributed models that came as the result of personal computers.
• There is no question that academic research can enable a new generation

of supply chain and logistics planning technology based on centralized
planning with distributed collaboration.
• These technology advances can provide tremendous value in
addressing traditional supply chain and logistics areas such
as warehousing and distribution, transportation, and
manufacturing logistics.
• However, there are also many non-traditional areas such as

health care logistics and humanitarian logistics which can
get great value from building on the concepts and
technologies that have already proven successful in the
traditional supply chain and logistics areas.
• Finally, there are extremely valuable insights to be gained by

systematically studying the supply chain and logistics
performance of companies across multiple industries and
countries.
Future Trends in Supply Chain Management-
Cont.
Increasing Supply Chain Responsiveness
– Firms will increasingly need to be more flexible
and responsive to customer needs
– Supply chains will need to benchmark industry
performance and meet and improve on a
continuous basis
– Responsiveness improvement will come from
more effective and faster product & service
delivery systems
17
Cont.
The Greening of Supply Chains
– Supply chains will work harder to reduce
environmental degradation
– Large majority (75%) of U.S. consumers influenced by
a firm’s environmental friendliness reputation
– Recycling and conservation are a growing alternatives
in response to high cost of natural resources
18
Cont.
Reducing Supply Chain Costs
– Cost reduction achieved through:
• Reduced purchasing costs
• Reducing waste
• Reducing excess inventory
• And reducing non-value added activities
– Continuous Improvement through
• Benchmarking- improve over competitors’ performance
• Trial & error
• Increased knowledge of supply chain processes
19
Importance of SCM thinking
• Supply chain management involves optimizing
your operations to maximize both speed and
efficiency.
• Speed is important because customers value fast

service. Increasing speed, however, can cause
costs to skyrocket, so maximizing efficiency is
equally important.
CHALLENGES
Supply chain challenges facing companies include:
• Inability of supply chain personnel to keep up with
the rapid environmental changes and technological
changes in procurement systems
• Integrating multiple systems existing internally
• Managing inventory levels – accumulation of
inventory in the pipeline
• Maintaining training budgets in a difficult economy
• Greater emphasis on price rather than total cost in
the wake of the growing pressure to increase
revenue and reduce cost
END

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• Fredrick Taylor, who wrote The Principles of Scientific

• Increasingly this is referred to by industry as

• In the mid 1950s, this concept was extended to

• Although the terms “warehousing” and

• This led to the need for joint consideration of warehousing,

• Prior to the 1960s, virtually all transactions and record

• However, there were still many difficult research issues to

• Each of these centers was focused on a different aspect of

• The emergence of personal computers in the early

• This produced a flood of new technology including

• Company executives became aware of logistics as

• The reason given for the name change by the new

• In spite of some significant problems in getting the ERP

• The focus on globalization stressed the need for logistics

• This growing association of supply chain

• while “Supply Chain Management is the systemic,

• Given the extent of Internet usage today, it is hard to believe that

• The communication capabilities have fundamentally changed the way we

• However, supply chain and logistics planning is still primarily based on

• There is no question that academic research can enable a new generation

• However, there are also many non-traditional areas such as

• Finally, there are extremely valuable insights to be gained by

• Speed is important because customers value fast

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