Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and The Archaea: Week 2

Prokaryotic Profiles:
the Bacteria and the Archaea

WEEK 2
Fig. 4.1
2
flagella
• 3 parts
– filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of
proteins
– hook- curved sheath
– basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell
wall
• rotates 360o
• 1-2 or many distributed over entire cell
• functions in motility
3
Fig 4.2b 4
Flagellar arrangements
1. monotrichous – single flagellum at one end
2. lophotrichous – small bunches arising from
one end of cell
3. amphitrichous – flagella at both ends of cell
4. peritrichous – flagella dispersed over surface
of cell, slowest
5
6
7
Fig 4.5
axial filaments
• periplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed
between cell wall and cell membrane of
spirochetes
• motility
8
fimbrae
• fine hairlike bristles from the cell surface
• function in adhesion to other cells and
surfaces
9
pili
• rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein
• found only in Gram negative cells
• Functions
– joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer (conjugation)
– adhesion
10
Conjugation
11
glycocalyx
• Coating of molecules external to the cell wall,
made of sugars and/or proteins
• 2 types
1. capsule - highly organized, tightly attached
2. slime layer - loosely organized and attached
• functions
– attachment
– inhibits killing by white blood cells
– receptor
12
2 Types of Glycocalyx
13
Biofilms
14
Peptidoglycan
• unique macromolecule composed of a
repeating framework of long glycan chains
cross-linked by short peptide fragments
• provides strong, flexible support to keep
bacteria from bursting or collapsing because
of changes in osmotic pressure
15
Peptidoglycan
16
4 groups based on cell wall
composition
1. Gram positive cells
2. Gram negative cells
3. Bacteria without cell walls
4. Bacteria with chemically unique cell walls
17
Gram positive Gram negative
Fig 4.16
18
19
Gram positive cell wall
• Consists of
– a thick, homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan
20-80 nm thick
– tightly bound acidic polysaccharides, including
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
– cell membrane
• Retain crystal violet and stain purple
20
Gram positive wall
21
Gram negative cell wall
• Consists of
– an outer membrane containing
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
– thin shell of peptidoglycan
– periplasmic space
– inner membrane
• Lose crystal violet and stain red from
safranin counterstain
22
Gram negative cell wall
23
Cytoplasm
• dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino
acids, & salts
• 70-80% water
• serves as solvent for materials used in all
cell functions
24
Chromosome
• single, circular, double-stranded DNA
molecule that contains all the genetic
information required by a cell
• DNA is tightly coiled around a protein,
aggregated in a dense area called the
nucleoid
25
plasmids
• small circular, double-stranded DNA
• free or integrated into the chromosome
• duplicated and passed on to offspring
• not essential to bacterial growth & metabolism
• may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to
toxic metals, enzymes & toxins
• used in genetic engineering- readily manipulated
& transferred from cell to cell
26
ribosomes
• made of 60% ribosomal RNA & 40%
protein
• consist of 2 subunits: large & small
• procaryotic differ from eucaryotic
ribosomes in size & number of proteins
• site of protein synthesis
• All cells have ribosomes.
27
ribosomes
28
Inclusions, granules
• intracellular storage bodies
• vary in size, number & content
• bacterial cell can use them when
environmental sources are depleted
• Examples: glycogen, poly-b-hydroxybutyrate,
gas vesicles for floating, sulfur and
polyphosphate granules
29
Inclusions
30
endospores
• Resting, dormant cells
• produced by some G+ genera: Clostridium, Bacillus
& Sporosarcina
• Have a 2-phase life cycle – vegetative cell & an
endospore
• sporulation -formation of endospores
• germination- return to vegetative growth
• hardiest of all life forms
• withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing,
radiation & chemicals not a means of reproduction
31
endospores
• resistance linked to high levels of calcium
& dipicolinic acid
• dehydrated, metabolically inactive
• thick coat
• longevity verges on immortality 25, 250
million years.
• pressurized steam at 120oC for 20-30
minutes will destroy.
32
endospores
33
3 shapes of bacteria
• cocci - spherical
• bacilli - rod
• spiral - helical, comma, twisted rod,
spirochete
34
35
Methods in bacterial
identification
1. Microscopic morphology
2. Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance
3. Physiological / biochemical characteristics
4. Chemical analysis
5. Serological analysis
6. Genetic & molecular analysis
• G + C base composition
• DNA analysis using genetic probes
• Nucleic acid sequencing & rRNA analysis
36
Major Taxonomic Groups of
Bacteria per Bergey’s manual
• Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls,
thin-skinned
• Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls, thick
skinned
• Tenericutes – lack a cell wall & are soft
• Mendosicutes – archaea, primitive
procaryotes with unusual cell walls &
nutritional habits
37
• species –a collection of bacterial cells which share
an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to
other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly
• strain or variety – a culture derived from a single
parent that differs in structure or metabolism from
other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars)
• type – a subspecies that can show differences in
antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar),
susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and
in pathogenicity (pathotype).
38
Procaryotes with unusual
characteristics
Rickettsias
• very tiny, gram-negative bacteria
• most are pathogens that alternate between mammals
and fleas, lice or ticks
• obligate intracellular pathogens
• cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell
• cannot carry out metabolism on their own
• Rickettsia rickettisii – Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Rickettsia prowazekii – epidemic typhus
• Coxiella burnetti – Q fever 40
Chlamydias
• tiny
• obligate intracellular parasites
• not transmitted by arthropods
• Chlamydia trachomatis – severe eye
infection and one of the most common
sexually transmitted diseases
• Chlamydia psittaci – ornithosis, parrot fever
• Chlamydia pneumoniae – lung infections
41
Mycoplasmas
• naturally lack a cell wall
• stabilized by sterols, resistant to lysis
• extremely small
• range in shape from filamentous to coccus
or doughnut shaped
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae – atypical
pneumonia in humans
42
Free-living nonpathogenic
bacteria
• Photosynthetic bacteria
– Cyanobacteria
– Green & purple sulfur bacteria
• Gliding, fruiting bacteria
• Appendaged bacteria
– produce an extended process of the cell wall in
form of a bud, stalk or long thread
43
Archaea: the other procaryotes
• constitute third Domain Archaea
• seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to
bacteria
• contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA
• have unique membrane lipids & cell wall construction
• live in the most extreme habitats in nature,
extremophiles
• adapted to heat salt acid pH, pressure & atmosphere
• includes: methane producers, hyperthermophiles,
extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers 44

Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and The Archaea: Week 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and The Archaea: Week 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and The Archaea: Week 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prokaryotic Profiles:

the Bacteria and the Archaea

You might also like