Lec#10

Cross Drainage Works, Regulators & Falls

 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Introduction
 Irrigation canals while carrying water from Headworks to crop
fields, have to cross few drainage features, such as rivers,
streams, nallahs, etc. To cross those Drainages safely by the
canals, some suitable structures are required to be constructed.
Works required to cross the Drainage are called Cross Drainage
Works (CDWs).

 At the meeting point of Canals and Drainages, bed levels (or

ground levels) may not be same. Depending on the their bed
levels, different structures are constructed and accordingly they
are designated by different names.

 A suitable Design, keeping in view the surface and sub surface

flow consideration is the key to the efficient and sustainable
working of these Cross Drainage Works. 2
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Types of Cross Drainage Works

 The Drainage water intercepting the canal can be disposed of by

different methods based on the bed level of Drainage. Sometimes
canal flows above the drainage and sometimes below.

 When the bed levels of the Canal and Drainage are same, they are
allowed to mix and controlled water is supplied to the Irrigation.

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 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Aqueduct
 If the bed level of irrigation canal is higher than the High Flood
Level (HFL) of the Drain, then canal is taken above the Drain.
This type of CDWs are called Aqueduct.

 As shown in the enclosed figure canal is taken over the

Drainage. The canal is a reinforced cement concrete structure
supported on piers.

 An inspection road is provided on the side of the canal as

shown. The two piers and pillars for the road may be brick
masonry or reinforced cement concrete. As HFL is below the
canal bed, hence, Drainage water flows freely below the canal.
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Aqueduct
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Siphon Aqueduct
 If HFL of Drain is above the bed level of the canal as shown in
the enclosed figure. Then Drainage water is to be disposed by
siphonic action, such aqueduct is called siphon aqueduct.
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Super Passage
 When the bed level of the Drainage is much above the canal
bed level (or FSL), then Drain is taken above the canal, such a
Cross Drainage Work is called Super Passage. Enclosed figure
shows the plan and sectional views of the super passage. This
is the just opposite to the Aqueduct.
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Siphon Super Passage

 Similar to siphon aqueduct, when full supply level in the
channel is higher then the bed level of the Drain, then water
level of the canal is to be siphoned. Such structure is called
“Siphon Super Passage”. The flow in the canal will be under
pressure due to siphonic action.
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Level Crossing
 When the bed level of canals and the Drain are approximately
the same level and quality of water in canal and Drain is not
much different, such a cross Drainage works is called level
Crossing, where water of canal and stream is allowed to
maximum.
 With the help of Regulators both in Canal and Drain, water is
disposed through canal and Drain in required quantity.
 The components of the Level crossing are;
i) Crest Wall
ii) Drainage Regulator
iii) Canal Regulator.
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Level Crossing
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Operation
 In dry season, drainage flow becomes very low. Crest wall
provided in Upstream of the Drain is kept closed and canal
water is allowed to flow as usual.

 In rainy season, Drainage water is allowed to mix and with help

of Regulators constructed on Downstream sides of Canal and
Drain. Water flow in both is regulated by the gates provided
between the piers.
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Inlet and Outlet

 When irrigation canal meets a small stream or drain at same
level, drain is allowed to enter the canal as an inlet. At some
distance from this inlet point, a part of water is allowed to drain
as outlet which eventually meets the original stream as shown
in enclosed figure.

 Stone pitching is required at the inlet and outlet. The bed and
banks between inlet and outlet are also protected by stone
pitching.

 This type of CDW is called Inlet and Outlet.

 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

Inlet and Outlet

CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
 CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS
Design Features of Cross Drainage Works (CDWs)
A) Hydraulic Design
i. Determination of Maximum Flood Discharge (Q) and the High
Flood Level (HFL).
ii. Fixation of waterway of the Drain.
iii. Construction of Canal waterway.
iv. Head loss through Syphon Barrels.
v. Determination of uplift pressure on the roof of Trough.
vi. Determination of uplift pressure on the floor.
vii. Design of connections.
B) Structural Design
i. Designing of Cross-section of the Syphon Barrels and the
aqueduct trough.
ii. Design of piers and Abutments.
iii. Design of Foundations.
CANAL REGULATION
STRUCTURES AND
FALLS
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 CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES
Introduction
 To admit regulated discharges into a main branch, distribution
network and to exercise control on their discharges, silt content in
water, various types of structures are required, along or across the
canals. These structure are called regulation structures;
 Main regulation structures are;
a) Head Regulator
b) Cross Regulator
c) Fall Regulator
d) Escape
e) Silt Ejectors
f) Tail Regulator
 The enclosed figure shows the typical locations of these
structures along a canal. 18
 CROSS REGULATORS
Typical Layout of a Canal System
 CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES
Head Regulator
 It is a structure, which is constructed at the Head of canal at its
point of off-take. The main functions of a head regulator are;

a) Admit the full supply discharge and regulate supply levels into
the canal.
b) Control and regulate the full supply discharge entering the
canal.
c) Control the amount of silt entering into the canal.

 The discharging capacity of a Head Regulator is usually fixed at

10% more than the required discharge to cater for emergencies. It
should also be capable of passing lesser discharges or completely
shutting off the supplies by manipulation of gates.

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 CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES
 The Hydraulic design of Head Regulator is based on the theory
and principles, as in design of weir and barrages. Since Head
Regulations are required to completely shut off the supplies to the
downstream, they are designed for full cut-off, i.e. completely
stoppage of supplies from entering the canal.
 Silt control by the Head Regulator is provided by raising the crest
of the Head Regulator weir and also providing silt vanes.

Function of Head Regulator

 Head Regulator for an off-taking channel (Branch, Distributary or
Minor) is an important structure in the canal network. It performs
following functions;
i. Allows design supplies to off-taking canal.
ii. Regulates supplies in the canal network.
iii. Allows proportionate distribution of the silt load in the channel
between off-taking channel and the parent channel; and
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iv. Measure supplies in the off-taking channel.
 CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES
 These functions are partly performed by proper siting of the Head
Regulator of the off-taking channel with respect to the parent channel
and partly by constructing, partition or distribution wall in the parent
channel.
 To assist the off-taking channel to draw its designed discharge from the
parent channel, the channel waterway is proportionally divided between
the parent channel and the off-take channel and by construction of
partition wall or distribution wall and extending them to some distance
upstream.
 If the discharge of the off-taking channel is less than ¼ of the discharge
of the parent channel, then the angle of off-take is kept at 900. However,
if the discharge is more than ¼ of the parent channel, then the
arrangement shown below is preferred.

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Head Regulator of a Canal Off-Taking From Barrage
Proportional Distribution of the Width
Head Regulator of a Distributary with Silt Vanes
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 CROSS REGULATORS
Cross Regulator
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 CROSS REGULATORS
Cross Regulator
 CROSS REGULATORS
Cross Regulator (Gates Fully Open)
 CANAL FALL
Necessity and Location of Falls
Necessity/ objective
 A fall is an irrigation structure constructed across a canal to lower
down its water level and destroy the surplus energy liberated from
the falling water which may otherwise scour the bed and banks of
the canal.
 It lower down the water level if the NSL has a steep slope to
maintain a balance between the full supply level in the canal and to
command of the adjacent irrigated area. Thus, this is very useful
tool for improving the command area and as well as for increase
irrigation efficiency.
 Canal fall also substantially reduces the extra earth filling and as
such economize the project cost.

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 CANAL FALL
Necessity and Location of Falls
Location
 For the canal which does not irrigate the area directly, the fall
should be located from the considerations of economy in cost of
excavation of the channel with regard to balancing depth and the
cost of the falls itself.

 For a canal irrigating the area directly a fall may be provided at a

location where the FSL, outstrips the Ground level, but before the
bed of the canal comes into filling. After the drop , the FSL of the
canal may be below the ground level for ½ to ¼ kilometer.

 The location of the fall may also be decided from the consideration
of the possibility of combining it with a regulator or a bridge or any
other masonry works.
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Canal Fall
 CANAL FALL
Position of Canal Fall

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 CANAL FALL
Types of Canal Fall
Depending on the Ground level conditions and shape of the fall the
various types of falls are:

i) Ogee Fall
 This type of fall has gradual convex and concave surface in the
ogee form “-”. A sectional view of this type is shown in enclosed
figure. The gradual convex and concave surface is provided for
smooth transition and to reduce disturbance and impact of falling
water.

 A Hydraulic jump is formed which dissipates a part of energy. In

ordered to avoid erosion, Upstream and Downstream of the fall is
protected by providing stone pitching.

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 CANAL FALL

Ogee Fall

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 CANAL FALL

II) Stepped Fall

 Enclosed figure shows the sectional view of a stepped fall. It
consists of a series of vertical drops in the form of steps.

 This type is suitable in places where sloping ground is very long

and require a long glacis to connect the higher bed level U/S with
lower bed at D/S. It is practically a modification of rapid fall.

 The sloping glacis is divided into a number drops to bring down

the canal bed step by step to protect the canal bed and sides from
damage by erosion. Brick walls are provided at each drop.

 The bed of the canal within the fall is protected by rubble masonry
with surface finishing by rich cement mortar (1:3).

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 CANAL FALL
Stepped Fall

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 CANAL FALL

III) Vertical Fall

 Enclosed figures (a & b) shows the simple vertical and Sarda types
canal falls, respectively.

 In Figure-’a’ the U/S canal bed level is at the level of U/S curtain
wall and in Figure-’b’ canal U/S bed is below the crest of curtain
wall.

 In both cases a cistern is formed to act as water cushion. Floor is

made of concrete U/S and D/S side stone pitching with cement
grouting is provided.

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 CANAL FALL
Vertical Fall

Curtain wall

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 CANAL FALL
IV) Rapid Fall
 When the Natural Ground Level (NSL) is even and rapid, this rapid
fall is suitable. It consists of long sloping glacis (1 : 10 to 1 : 20) as
shown in figure.
 Curtain walls are provided on both Upstream and Downstream
sides. Rubble masonry with cement grouting is provided from U/S
curtain wall to D/S curtain wall. Masonry surface is finished with a
rich cement mortar (1 : 3).

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 CANAL FALL
V) Straight Glacis Fall
 It consists of a straight glacis provided with a crest wall. For
dissipation of energy of flowing water, a water cushion is provided.
Curtain walls are provided at toe and heel. Stone pitching is
required at U/S and D/S of the fall as shown in figure.

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 CANAL FALL
VII) Montague Type Fall
 Montague type fall is shown in enclosed figure. In the straight
glacis type profile, energy dissipation is not complete. Therefore,
Montague developed this type of profile where energy dissipation
take place.
 Its profile is parabolic and is given by the following equation.

x = V √4y/g +y
Where
V = The velocity leaving the crest.
x, y = The coordinate of any point shown in enclosed figure.
This parabolic glacis is difficult to construct.

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 CANAL FALL
Montague Type Fall

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 CANAL FALL
viii) Meter and Non-Meter Falls
 Meter falls are those which also measure the discharge of the
canal. The non-meter falls do not measure the discharge. For a fall
to act as a meter, it must have broad weir type crest so that the
discharge co-efficient is constant under variable head. Generally
glacis type fall is suitable as a meter.
 The vertical drop fall is not suitable as a meter due to the formation
of partial vacuum under the nappe.
Contracted and full width falls
 A fall may either be constructed of the full channel width of it may
be contracted. The contracted falls, the later type, are also known
as the flumed falls.

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Canal Fall

Canal Fall without Regulation Gates

Fall Regulator
Canal Escape
Tail Regulator
Thank you