RFID - Radio-Frequency Identification: Communication Technology

RFID - Radio-frequency identification
Communication Technology
Ronak S Aswaney, ID: 0710229
What is RFID?
 Radio-frequency identification.
 RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves. RFID

uses tags as a component to transfer data between a reader
and a movable item(middleware), which can be used to
identify, categorize & track the data.
 RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or

contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item.
What Constitutes an RFID System?
 RFID tag
o Chip
o Antenna
 RFID reader or transceiver

o Transmitter and Receiver
o Control Unit
o Antenna
 Data processing subsystem

o Middleware
A simple RFID system
RFID Tags
A Tag is a transponder which receives a radio signal and in

response to it sends out a radio signal.
 It contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small

amount of data.
 It can be programmed at manufacture or on installation.
 It is powered by the high power electromagnetic field
generated by the antennas.
 A multiple number of the tags can be read at a time.
 Tags can be attached to almost anything.
 Two types: Active & Passive.
Active vs. Passive
Active tags Passive tags
• Powered by an internal • Operate without battery.

battery. • Derive power from the field
• Finite lifetime. generate by the reader.
• Greater range. (Up to 100 M) • Less expensive.($0.50 - $5)
• Weak range. ( 3 – 5 M)
• Relatively Expensive. • Subject to noise.
($50 - $250) • Require more powerful
• Better noise immunity. readers.
• Higher data transmission rates. • Very sensitive.
RFID Tags – The EPC Code
 The objective of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) is to

provide unique identification of physical objects.
 Header – defines data type.

 EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product
manufacturer)
 Object Class - Could describe the product type.
 Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item.
RFID Readers
RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID

tag.
This is how the Reader works:

 The reader has an antenna that emits radio waves.
 The tag then responds by sending back its data.
The reader has two basic components :

 A scanning antenna
 A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data
RFID - Middleware
 In short: Data Processing.

 It provides reader connectivity to other systems on the
network, translates that data and transmits it to other
applications.
RFID - Middleware
Single-Tier RFID Middleware Architecture

RFID - Middleware
Multitier RFID Middleware

RFID vs. Barcode
An Excellent Example of RFID in Dubai
Illustration of how the Salik works
Examples of RFID Current Applications
 Transport and logistics: toll management, tracking of

goods.
 Security and access control: tracking people (students

etc.), control access to restricted areas.
 Supply chain management: item tagging, theft-

prevention.
 Medical and pharmaceutical applications:

identification and location of staff and patients, asset
tracking, counterfeit protection for drugs
Examples of RFID Current Applications
 Manufacturing and processing: streamlining assembly

line processes.
 Agriculture: tracking of animals, quality control. Etc.
 Public sector: passports, driver’s licenses, counterfeit

protection for bank notes, library systems.
Benefits of using RFID Technology
RIGHT PRODUCT
SECURE ENVIRONMENT
RIGHT AMOUNT
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT PLACE
 Increased Sales
 Order uplift to Vendors/Suppliers
 Increased Revenues
 Reduced Warehouse Costs
 Faster/better Customer Service
RFID Holds Potentially Large Economic
Benefits
 If RFID tags were widely deployed, retailers could reduce

standing inventories by 5%, warehouse labor by 7.5%, and
product losses by 1% of sales.
 RFID will also facilitate self-service checkout providing

considerable savings to stores and other establishments
(e.g., libraries).
RFID a Major Time Saver
 RFID avoids the need for line of sight and provides the ability
to read multiple tags at the same time
Exit loading dock 5
READER
Match Shipment
To
Purchase Order
Track & Trace

Common Problems with RFID
 RFID systems can be easily disrupted.

 RFID systems make use of the electromagnetic spectrum ( WiFi networks, cell phones), they are
relatively easy to jam using energy at the right frequency.
 Battery.
 RFID Reader Collision.

 Reader collision occurs when the signals from two or more readers overlap.
 RFID Tag Collision.

 Tag collision occurs when many tags are present in a small area.
 The contents of an RFID tag can be read after the item leaves the supply chain.
 An RFID tag cannot tell the difference between one reader and another.
 RFID tags are difficult to remove.
 RFID tags can be read without your knowledge.

An IBM RFID Commercial
Controversy:
 What will happen if in the coming years, nearly everything is

tagged with a RFID chip?
---- Privacy
 RFID is a very hot, hyped field right now; Normal people think
it’s the best thing ever, while privacy advocates think it’s the
worst….
History of RFID
1940 – 1950
 Based on the experiences with radar usage and radio broadcast technology in the year 1948 a first scientific article
about RFID was announced.
1950 – 1960
 First explorations of RFID technology, laboratory experiments too place.
1960 – 1970
 Many theories concerning RFID were developed.
 First commercial usage in connection with electronic article surveillance equipment to counter theft.
1970 – 1980
 Many institutions (academic, governmental, business) were actively working on RFID and many advances have been
made during this time.
 Some early adopter implementations like vehicle tagging or animals tagging have been realized.
1980 – 1990
 Many commercial applications of RFID entered mainstream.
 Electronic toll collection on roads became the main field of interest in many countries around the world
1990 – 2006
 RFID became widely deployed and therefore a part of everyday life.
 Beginning of using the same tag for several purposes (toll collection, parking lot access, fare collection, campus
access, …).
 Also several standards have been adopted.
Presently
 Widely used.
Conclusion
 It’s far too early to determine how RFID will be rolled out
and what, if any, will be the privacy and consumer
protection issues.
 As a result, policy makers should respond to this new

technology the way they have dealt with all new
information technologies: if and when problems arise,
address them at the time.
THANK YOU!
ANY QUESTIONS?

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RFID - Radio-frequency identification

 RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves. RFID

 RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or

 RFID reader or transceiver

 Data processing subsystem

A Tag is a transponder which receives a radio signal and in

 It contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small

Active tags Passive tags

• Powered by an internal • Operate without battery.

 The objective of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) is to

 Header – defines data type.

RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID

This is how the Reader works:

The reader has two basic components :

 In short: Data Processing.

Single-Tier RFID Middleware Architecture

Multitier RFID Middleware

 Transport and logistics: toll management, tracking of

 Security and access control: tracking people (students

 Supply chain management: item tagging, theft-

 Medical and pharmaceutical applications:

 Manufacturing and processing: streamlining assembly

 Agriculture: tracking of animals, quality control. Etc.

 Public sector: passports, driver’s licenses, counterfeit

 If RFID tags were widely deployed, retailers could reduce

 RFID will also facilitate self-service checkout providing

Exit loading dock 5

Track & Trace

 RFID systems can be easily disrupted.

 RFID Reader Collision.

 RFID Tag Collision.

 RFID tags are difficult to remove.

 RFID tags can be read without your knowledge.

 What will happen if in the coming years, nearly everything is

 As a result, policy makers should respond to this new

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