Steady Heat Conduction: Topic 2
Steady Heat Conduction: Topic 2
Steady Heat Conduction: Topic 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be
able to:
• Understand the concept of thermal resistance and its
limitations, and develop thermal resistance networks
for practical heat conduction problems,
• Solve steady conduction problems that involve
multilayer rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical
geometries,
• Develop an intuitive understanding of thermal contact
resistance, and circumstances under which it may be
significant,
• Identify applications in which insulation may actually
increase heat transfer,
• Solve multidimensional practical heat conduction
problems using conduction shape factors.
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
0
or
dEwall
Qin Qout 0 (3-1)
dt
1
Rconv ( C/W) (3-8)
hAs
Thermal Resistance Concept-
Radiation Resistance
• The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and
the surrounding when the radiation effects is significant.
Ts Tsurr
Qrad As T T s
4 4
surr hrad As (Ts Tsurr )
Rrad
(W)
(3-9)
1
Rrad (K/W) Thermal resistance of a surface
against radiation or radiation
hrad As resistance (3-10)
hrad
Qrad
As (Ts Tsurr )
Ts2 Tsurr
2
Ts Tsurr (W/m2 K)
(3-11)
Thermal Resistance Concept-
Radiation and Convection Resistance
• A surface exposed to the surrounding might involves
convection and radiation simultaneously.
• The convection and radiation resistances are parallel
to each other.
• When Tsurr≈T∞, the radiation
effect can properly be
accounted for by replacing h
in the convection resistance
relation by
hcombined = hconv+hrad (W/m2K) (3-12)
Thermal Resistance Network
• Consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer
through a plane wall that is exposed to convection on
both sides.
Thermal Resistance Network
• Under steady conditions we have
Rate of Rate of Rate of
heat convection = heat conduction = heat convection
into the wall through the wall from the wall
or
Q h1 A T ,1 T1
(3-13)
T1 T2
kA h2 A T2 T ,2
L
Rearranging and adding
T,1 T1 Q Rconv,1
T1 T2 Q Rwall
T2 T ,2 Q Rconv ,2
T ,1 T ,2 Q( Rconv ,1 Rwall Rconv ,2 ) Q Rtotal
T,1 T,2
Q (W) (3-15)
Rtotal
where
1 L 1
Rtotal Rconv ,1 Rwall Rconv ,2 ( C/W)
h1 A kA h2 A
(3-16)
• It is sometimes convenient to express heat transfer
through a medium in an analogous manner to
Newton’s law of cooling as
Q UAToverall
q3 = convection
U ?
q1 = convection
q2 = conduction
q = q1 = q2 = q3
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Convection Boundary condition
Qconv hA(Tw T )
Tw T
Qconv
1 / hA
Rconv 1 / hA
Conduction
kA
Qcond (T2 T1 )
x
T1 T2
Qcond
x / kA
x
Rcond n
kn A
Overall heat transfer coefficient
kA
Q h1 A(TA T1 ) (T1 T2 ) h2 A(T2 TB )
x
TA TB
Q
1 / h1 A x / kA 1 / h2 A
Overall heat transfer coefficient
1 1
U
1 / h1 x / k 1 / h2 R
Multilayer Plane Walls
• In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist
of several layers of different materials.
• The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer
composite wall can be expressed through Eq. 3-15
where the total thermal
resistance is
Rtotal Rconv ,1 Rwall ,1 Rwall ,2 Rconv,2
1 L1 L2 1
h1 A k1 A k2 A h2 A
(3-22)
Heat flow through plane wall
The temperature gradients in the three
materials are shown, and the heat flow may
be written:
T2 T1 T T T T
Q k A A k B A 3 2 kc A 4 3
x A xB xc
T1 T4
Q
x A / k A A xB / k B A xc / kc A
Note: the heat flow must be
the same through all sections.
Heat flow through plane wall
x T1 T4
Rcond n Q
kn A RA RB RC
where
R1 R2
Rtotal R12 R3 Rconv R3 Rconv
R1 R2 (3-33)
L1 L2 L3 1
R1 ; R2 ; R3 ; Rconv (3-34)
k1 A1 k2 A2 k3 A3 hA3
Combined Series-Parallel Arrangement
T1 T4
Q
R R
B RA B c RD
RB RC
A D
x n
C Rcond
kn A
T1 T4
Q
xB xC
x A k B A / 2 kC A / 2 xD
k A A xB xC k D A
k B A / 2 kC A / 2
Combined Series-Parallel Arrangement
Thermal Contact Resistance
• In reality surfaces have some roughness.
• When two surfaces are pressed against each other, the
peaks form good material contact but the valleys form
voids filled with air.
• As a result, an interface contains
numerous air gaps of varying sizes
that act as insulation because of the
low thermal conductivity of air.
• Thus, an interface offers some
resistance to heat transfer, which
is termed the thermal contact
resistance, Rc.
• The value of thermal contact resistance
depends on the
– surface roughness,
– material properties,
– temperature and pressure at the interface,
– type of fluid trapped at the interface.
• Thermal contact resistance is observed to
decrease with decreasing surface roughness
and increasing interface pressure.
• The thermal contact resistance can be
minimized by applying a thermally conducting
liquid called a thermal grease.
Example Problem
Consider a composite structure shown on below. Conductivities of the
layer are: k1 = k3 = 10 W/mK, k2 = 16 W/mK, and k4 = 46 W/mK. The
convection coefficient on the right side of the composite is 30 W/m2K.
Calculate the total resistance and the heat flow through the composite.
First, draw the thermal circuit for the composite. The circuit must span between the
two known temperatures; that is, T1 and T∞.
Finally, R1,2,3,4 is in series with R5. The total resistance of the circuit is:
dT
Q 2 krL
dr
Boundary conditions:
T=Ti at r=ri
T=T0 at r=r0
2 kL(Ti T0 )
Q
ln( r0 / ri )
cylinder
dT
Qcond ,cyl kA (W) (3-35)
dr
Separating the variables and integrating from r=r1,
where T(r1)=T1, to r=r2, where T(r2)=T2
r2 T2
Qcond ,cyl
r r1
A
dr
T T1
kdT (3-36)