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Chapter 2 Sampling and Data Collection

This chapter discusses sampling techniques, methods of data collection, and key concepts in research studies. It covers probability and non-probability sampling, determining sample size using formulas, and common sampling methods like simple random sampling. The chapter also compares primary and secondary data and reviews methods of collecting data such as questionnaires, observation, interviews, and experiments.

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Jonnifer Quiros
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
778 views

Chapter 2 Sampling and Data Collection

This chapter discusses sampling techniques, methods of data collection, and key concepts in research studies. It covers probability and non-probability sampling, determining sample size using formulas, and common sampling methods like simple random sampling. The chapter also compares primary and secondary data and reviews methods of collecting data such as questionnaires, observation, interviews, and experiments.

Uploaded by

Jonnifer Quiros
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Sampling and Data


Collection

Sample Size
Sampling & Sampling Technique
Methods of Data Collection
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student is expected
to:
1) know the importance of sampling and the
different sampling techniques;
2) distinguish the use of probability and non-
probability sampling;
3) differentiate census and sample taking; and

4) determine the most appropriate way of


selecting sample and collecting data in a
particular study.
Data
- collections of any number of related
observations
Data set
- a collection of data
Data point
- a single observation
Classification of Data
Data are classified according to source and to
form.
Classification of Data
(according to source)
1. Primary data
2. Secondary data
Primary Data
- refer to information which are gathered directly from
an original source or which are based on direct or
firsthand experience
Secondary Data
- refer to information which were previously gathered
by other individuals or agencies
Classification of Data
(according to form)
1. Quantitative data
2. Qualitative data
Steps in Preparing a
Study or Research Work
1. Is the study you are planning feasible or
realistic? Is it attainable? Is it of real
value?
2. Do you have the resources such as time,
manpower and money factors which are
available to pursue the research?
3. Have you identified your population? In
case the population is big, samples are
to used instead.
Steps in Preparing a
Study or Research Work
4. What appropriate sampling techniques
will you use in picking the samples?
5. Questionnaire construction
Sample
- the portion of the population selected for analysis
Census
- the taking of data of the whole population
Sampling
- the process of choosing a representative portion of a
population

This process begins by defining a frame.


Frame
- a complete or partial listing of items comprising the
population
Determining the Sample
Size
Slovin’s Formula:

where:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin of error (percent allowance for
non-precision because of the use of sample
instead of the population)
Example
Dr. S would like to know the reaction of CPU college
students regarding proposed increase of the tuition fees.
If she allows a margin of error of 5%, how many students
must she take into her sample if there are 6580 students
in all?
Determining the Sample
Size
Lynch Formula:

where:
n = sample size
N = population size
d = sampling error
p = largest possible proportion
z = value of the normal variable
Example
If a given population is 6580, the desired reliability level
is 0.95. The allowed sampling error is 0.0, and the
proportion of a target population with a certain
characteristic important to the study is 0.50, what then is
the sample size?
Reasons for Drawing a
Sample
1. A sample is less time-consuming than a
census.
2. A sample is less costly to administer than a
census.
3. A sample is less cumbersome and more
practical to administer than a census.
Sampling Technique
- the manner by which samples are drawn from the
population
Types of Sampling
Technique
1. Random / Probability Sampling
2. Non-Random / Non-Probability Sampling
Random / Probability
Sampling
- in this sampling, all the items in the population
have equal chance of being included in the
sample
Methods of Random
Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling (Area Sampling)
5. Multistage Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
- the sample is chosen as a result of chance
occurrences.
Systematic Sampling
- the population is placed on the list, a random
starting point is chosen and then every k-th
member is selected.
- Items or individuals are arranged in some ways
perhaps alphabetically or other sort.
Stratified Sampling
- The population is divided into groups or strata
usually with meaningful differences, and a
sample is chosen from each group.
Cluster Sampling
- The population is divided into groups in a more
or less random way, and then a sample is
chosen by randomly selecting entire groups.
Multistage Sampling
- This technique uses several stages of phrases in
getting the sample from the general population.
- Selection is still done at random.
Non-Random / Non-
Probability Sampling
- in this sampling, samples are obtained
haphazardly, selected purposely or are taken as
volunteers and the probabilities of selection are
unknown
Methods of Non-Random
Sampling
1. Purposive Sampling
2. Quota Sampling
3. Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
- Based on a certain criteria laid down by the
researcher. People who satisfy the criteria are
interviewed.
Quota Sampling
- sampling technique wherein the assembled
sample has the same proportions of
individuals as the entire population with
respect to known characteristics, traits or
focused phenomenon
Convenience Sampling
- Individuals are chosen for a sample because
they are easy to include.
Methods of Data
Collection
1. Observation Method
2. Interview Method
3. Questionnaire Method
4. Experiment Method
5. Other Methods
Observation Method
- commonly used in psychological and anthropological
studies
- Data are obtained by seeing, hearing, tasting,
touching and smelling.

Controlled observation
- type of observation done in a laboratory, as in the
case of experimental studies
Types of Interview Method
1. Direct Method
2. Indirect Method
3. Focus Group Discussion
Direct Interview Method
- a “face to face” interpersonal role situation in which
one person, the interviewer, asks a person being
interviewed
- This method provides consistent and more precise
information since clarification may be given by the
interviewee.
- Questions may be repeated or modified to suit each
interviewee’s level of understanding.
Indirect Interview Method
- In this method, the researcher uses a telephone to
interview the respondents.
- Bias because people with no telephone cannot have
a chance to be included in the study
Focus Group Discussion
- In this method, there is a small group of individuals
and composed of representative members of a
group whose beliefs, practices or opinions are
sought.
Questionnaire Method
- This method uses an instrument called
questionnaire.

Questionnaire
- a set of carefully prepared questions which are
intended to elicit answers to the problems of the
study
Experiment Method
- This method begins by collecting sample and
splitting it into two groups, the case/experimental
group and the control group.
- This is used to measure the effect of treatment by
comparing the characteristics of the
case/experimental and control groups.
Other Methods
1. Simulation
2. Test Method
3. Registration Method
Simulation
- Program a computer with a mathematical or physical
model to simulate population data
- This is used when it is impossible to collect sample
data.
Test Method
- Widely used in psychological research and
psychiatry
- Standard tests are used because of their validity,
reliability and usability.
Registration Method
- A method of gathering data which is imposed by the
law

Examples
data gathered by the Philippine Statistics Agency,
Land Transportation Office, Department of Health,
Department of Education, and other government
agencies

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