Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
50 views

Lec 3

1. Laws of photochemistry state that only light that is absorbed can produce photochemical change and that a molecule absorbs a single quantum of light and becomes excited. 2. Excitation of organic compounds usually occurs in the range of 200-700 nm and excited states are characterized by their multiplicity and energy difference between the excited and ground states. 3. Important light absorptions involve electronic transitions such as n to π* and π to π* where bonding and anti-bonding orbitals change energy levels.

Uploaded by

ummara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
50 views

Lec 3

1. Laws of photochemistry state that only light that is absorbed can produce photochemical change and that a molecule absorbs a single quantum of light and becomes excited. 2. Excitation of organic compounds usually occurs in the range of 200-700 nm and excited states are characterized by their multiplicity and energy difference between the excited and ground states. 3. Important light absorptions involve electronic transitions such as n to π* and π to π* where bonding and anti-bonding orbitals change energy levels.

Uploaded by

ummara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
You are on page 1/ 8

Laws of Photochemistry

1. Only light that is absorbed can produce


photochemical change (Grotthus, Draper)

2. A molecule absorbs a single quantum of light


is becoming excited (Stark, Einstein)
Mechanisms of Light Absorption h
X2 X2*
Excited state is attained if bonding or non bonding electron is lifted to a higher
energy level (higher orbital)
*Excitation of Organic compounds usually happens in the range 200-700 nm.
*The excited states of a molecule are characterized by their multiplicity (usually
singlet or triplet states) and by the difference in energy between the excited state
itself and the ground state.

Planck's law
*Under normal conditions a molecule can only be excited by absorption of light of the
wavelength corresponding to the energy difference between the excited state and the
ground state. En = Energy of excited state
Eo = Energy of ground state
h = Planks constant
C = Speed of light
Photochemical Excitations
Types of Orbitals
bonding:  (single) or  (double)
non-bonding: n (often lone pairs on hetero atoms such as N, O)
anti-bonding: * (single) or * (double)
Absorption of light causes electronic transitions:
important transitions are usually
n to * or  to *

1.   *
2. n  * (n denotes an electron from a
lone pair)
1.   *
2. n  *
Antibonding orbital (*, *)
E2 E2>E1

E Atomic orbital
E1
Bonding orbital (, )

Relative energies of atomic and molecular orbitals

*
Anti bonding
*
E
non bonding (n)

Bonding

Relative energies of ,  and n MOs


INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND MATERIALS:
Ozone formation in the atmosphere (at about 25 km altitude)
• The ozone layer is a layer of gas consisting of O3 molecules, called
ozone, that forms when free Oxygen molecules bond to O2 molecules.
h
O2 O+O (<240 nm)

2O2 + 2O (+M) 2O3 (+M*)


Ozone formed in the reaction above absorbs UV light as well:
h
O3 O2 + O (<340 nm)

O + O3 2O2

• The ozone layer is a protective layer within the stratosphere.


• Ozone gas also exists in the troposphere but most is located within the
stratospheric layer.
Ozone shield protects the Earth surface from high energy UV radiation (of the Sun)

• Since 1928, Chlorofluorocarbons have been produced, originally as


nonflammable refrigerants for use in refrigerators, and eventually for use in
fire extinguishers, dry cleaning agents, pesticides, degreasers, adhesives, and
as propellants for aerosol products.

• As these CFCs have been released into the atmosphere, the level of ozone in
the stratosphere has decreased. (depletion of ozone layer/ozone hole

• CFCs have an estimated lifespan of more than 100 years.


CFCs and Ozone

You might also like