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Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts an analog signal to a digital signal. The conversion process involves sampling and holding the analog signal, then quantizing and encoding it. Accuracy can be improved by increasing the sampling rate or resolution (bit depth). ADCs are used wherever analog signals need to be processed or stored digitally, such as in microphones, sensors, and meters. The PIC16F877A microcontroller contains an 8-channel successive approximation ADC that can sample inputs between 0-5V at 10-bit resolution.

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gkkishorekumar
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133 views

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts an analog signal to a digital signal. The conversion process involves sampling and holding the analog signal, then quantizing and encoding it. Accuracy can be improved by increasing the sampling rate or resolution (bit depth). ADCs are used wherever analog signals need to be processed or stored digitally, such as in microphones, sensors, and meters. The PIC16F877A microcontroller contains an 8-channel successive approximation ADC that can sample inputs between 0-5V at 10-bit resolution.

Uploaded by

gkkishorekumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

Module
Background Information
 What is ADC?
 Conversion Process
 Accuracy
 Examples of ADC applications
Signal Types
Analog Signals
 Any continuous signal that a
time varying variable of the
signal is a representation of
some other time varying
quantity
 Measures one quantity in
terms of some other quantity t

 Examples
• Speedometer needle as
function of speed
• Radio volume as function of
knob movement
Signal Types
Digital Signals
 Consist of only two states
 Binary States
 On and of 1

 Computers can only


perform processing on
digitized signals 0
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
 An electronic integrated circuit which converts a signal from
analog (continuous) to digital (discrete) form
 Provides a link between the analog world of transducers and
the digital world of signal processing and data handling

V k

t t
ADC Conversion Process
Two main steps of process:
1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding
Analog-to-Digital Converter

Quantizing
and
Encoding
Sampling and
Hold
t
Input: Analog Signal t
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

 Measuring analog signals at


uniform time intervals
t
 Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

 Digital system works with


t
discrete states
 Taking a sample from each
location

 Reflects sampled and hold


signal
 Digital approximation
t
ADC Process
Quantizing Encoding
 Separating the input signal  Assigning a unique
into a discrete states with K digital code to each
increments
state for input into the
 K=2N
 N is the number of bits of the
microprocessor
ADC
 Analog quantization size
 Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/2N
 Q is the Resolution
ADC Process

Quantization & Coding


 Use original analog
signal
 Apply 2 bit coding
11

10

01

00
K=22 00 01
10
11
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

 Use original analog


signal
 Apply 3 bit coding
 Better representation of
input information with
additional bits K=23 000 001
K=16 0000 K=… .
 MCS12 has max of 10 010 .
011 .
bits 100 1111
101
110
111
ADC Process-Accuracy
The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:

t t
Sampling Rate, Ts Resolution, Q
 Based on number of steps  Improves accuracy in
required in the conversion measuring amplitude of
process
analog signal
 Increases the maximum
frequency that can be measured
 Limited by the signal-to-
noise ratio (~6dB)
ADC Process-Accuracy
The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:

t t
Sampling Rate, Ts Resolution (bit depth), Q
 Based on number of steps
required in the conversion  Improves accuracy in
process measuring amplitude of
 Increases the maximum analog signal
frequency that can be measured
ADC-Error Possibilities
 Aliasing (sampling)
 Occurs when the input signal is changing much faster than
the sample rate
 Should follow the Nyquist Rule when sampling
• Answers question of what sample rate is required
• Use a sampling frequency at least twice as high as the maximum
frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing
• fsample>2*fsignal
 Quantization Error (resolution)
 Optimize resolution
 Dependent on ADC converter of microcontoller
ADC Applications
 ADC are used virtually everywhere where an
analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form
 Microphones
 Strain Gages
 Thermocouple
 Digital Multimeters
Types of ADC

 Successive Approximation A/D Converter


 Flash A/D Converter
 Dual Slope A/D Converter
 Delta-Sigma A/D Converter
Successive Approximation ADC
 Elements
• DAC = Digital to Analog Converter
• EOC = End of Conversion
• SAR = Successive Approximation Register
• S/H = Sample and Hold Circuit
• Vin = Input Voltage
• Comparator
• Vref = Reference Voltage
Comparison of ADC’s
Speed Cost Resolution
Type Accuracy
(relative) (relative) (bits)

Dual Slope Slow Med 12-16 Good

Flash Very Fast High 4-12 Good

Successive Medium – Low 8-16 High


Approx Fast
Sigma – Slow Low 12-24 Good
Delta

 For 10bit ADC, Resolution==4.88mv/step

Analog Voltage Decimal output Binary output


0 0 00 0000 0000
5 1023 11 1111 1111
2.5 511 01 1111 1111
1.25 255 00 1111 1111
ADC in PIC16F877A
 Single ADC module.
 Successive approximation ADC.
 8 channel ADC 8 input signals could be sampled.
 Only one channel could be selected at a time.
 10 bit ADC- the result after conversion is 10 bits.
 ADRESH, ADRESL
 0 to 5V analog input.
 Selectable references +Vref, -Vref
 Unidirectional ADC
 Control Registers: ADCON0,ADCON1
ADC -The configuration …
The A/D conversion time per bit is defined as TAD.
For correct A/D conversions, the A/D conversion clock (TAD) must be
selected to ensure a minimum TAD time of 1.6 μs.

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