Mathematics & Algorithms

Tutorials
Dr. S.G. Tewari
 Probability
• From five statisticians and six economists a
committee consisting of three statisticians and
two economists is to be formed. How many
different committees can be formed if
– No restrictions are imposed?
– Two particular statisticians must be on the
committee?
– One particular economist can not be on the
committee?
 Cont…
• A die is tossed. If the number is odd, what is the
probability that it is prime?
• Police plan to enforce speed limits by using radar
traps at 4 different locations within the city limits.
The radar traps at each of these locations L1, L2, L3,
L4 are operated for 40%, 30%, 20% and 30% of the
time. If a person who is speeding on his way to work
has probabilities of 0.2, 0.1, 0.5 and 0.2 respectively
of passing through these locations, what is the
probability that he will be fined (for over speed)?
 Contd…
• In a certain college 25% of boys and 10% of girls
are studying mathematics. The girls constitute
60% of the student body.
– What is the probability that mathematics is being
studied?
– If a student is selected at random and is found to be
studying mathematics, find the probability that the
student is
• a girl?
• a boy?
• A businessman goes to hotels X, Y, Z 20%, 50%,
30% of the time, respectively. It is known that
5%, 4%, 8% of the rooms in X, Y, Z hotels have
faulty plumbing.
– Determine the probability that the businessman
goes to hotel with faulty plumbing
– What is the probability that businessman’s room
having faulty plumbing is assigned to hotel Z?
• Assume that 50% of all APIIT students are
good in mathematics. Determine the
probabilities that among 18 APIIT students
– Exactly 10
– At least 10
– At most 8
– At least 2 and at most 9
• Are good in mathematics.
• Out of 800 families with 5 children each, how
many would you expect to have
– 3 boys
– 5 girls
– Either 2 or 3 boys.
• Assume equal probabilities for boys and girls.
• Determine the probability of getting 9 exactly
twice in 3 throws with a pair of fair dice.
• If X be a binomially distributed random
variable with E(X)=2 and Var(X)=4/3, find the
distribution of X.
• If z is normally distributed with mean 0 &
variance 1. find
– P(z ≥ -1.64)
– P(z ≥ 1)
– P(-1.96 ≤ z ≤ 1.96)
– P(z ≤ 1)
• Determine the minimum mark a student must
get in order to receive an A grade if the top
10% of the students are awarded A grades in
an examination where the mean mark is 72
and standard deviation is 9.
• When the mean of marks was 50% and S.D.
5% then 60% of the students failed in an
examination. Determine the ‘grace’ marks to
be awarded in order to show that 70% of the
students passed. Assume that the marks are
normally distributed.
• A university awards distinction, first class,
second class, third class or pass class
according as the student gets 80% or more;
60% or more; between 45% and 60%;
between 30% and 45%; or 30% or more marks
respectively. If 5% obtained distinction and
10% failed, determine the percentage of
students getting second class. Assume that
marks X are normally distributed.
• Tea bags labeled as containing 2g of tea leaves. In actual
fact, the mass of tea leaves per bag is normally distributed
with a mean of 2.05g and standard deviation 0.05g
– If one tea bag is selected randomly, find the probability that the
tea bag is
• More than 1.9g
• Less that 1.98g
• More than 1.92g, given that the tea bag is less than 2.08g
• Calculate the expected number of tea bags which contain
1.95g to 2.10g of tea leaves in a box of 100 tea bags, round
you answer to the nearest integers.
• If 10% of the truck drivers on road are drunk
determine the probability that out of 400
drivers randomly checked
– At most 32
– More than 49
– At least 35 but less than 47 drivers are drunk on
the road.
• A pair of dice is rolled 180 times. Determine
the probability that a total of 7 occurs
– At least 25 times
– Between 33 and 41 times inclusive
– Exactly 30 times.
• Determine the probability that by guess-work
a student can correctly answer 25 to 30
questions in a MCQ consisting of 80 questions.
Assume that in each question with four
choices, only one choice is correct and student
has on knowledge.
 Contd…
• A distributor of bean seeds determines from
extensive tests that 5% of large batch of seeds
will not germinate. He sells the seeds in
packets of 200 and guarantees 90%
germination. Determine the probability that a
particular packet will violate the guarantee.
• The average number of phone calls/minute coming into
switch board between 2 and 4 PM is 2.5. Determine the
probability that during one particular minute there will be
–0
–1
–2
–3
– 4 or fewer
– More than 6
– At most 5
– At least 20 calls
• Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data:
Xi 0 1 2 3 4

Observed 30 62 46 10 2
frequencies fi
• Determine the probability that 2 of 100 books
bound will be defective if it is known that 5%
of books bound at this bindery are defective.
– Use B.D.
– Use Poisson approximation to B.D.
• The probability of a person having an accident
in a certain period of time is 0.0003. For a
population of 7500 people, draw a histogram
showing the probabilities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and
6 people having an accident in this period.
• Two shipments of computers are received. The
first shipment contains 1000 computers with
10% defectives and the second shipment
contains 2000 computers with 5% defectives.
One shipment is selected at random. Two
computers are found good. Find the
probability that the two computers are drawn
from the first shipment.
 Complex
• If z1 = 1 – i and z2 = 7 + i, find the modulus and
principal arguments for
z1 – z2
z1z2
*
 z1  z2 
 
 z1 z2 
• Locate the points
z1  9  i, z2  4  13i, z3  8  8i, z4  3  4i

• In the Argand diagram and show that these

four points form a square.
• If Z1 =1− 3i, Z2=−2+ 5i and Z3=−3− 4i, determine
in a+ ib form:
(a ) Z1Z 2
Z1
(b)
Z3
Z1Z 2
(c )
Z1  Z 2
(d ) Z1Z 2 Z 3
• Solve the equations:
(a )2  3i  a  ib
(b)( x  i 2 y )  ( y  i3x)  2  3i
iy 3 y  4i
(c )  0 x, y  R
ix  1 3x  y
• Express the following complex numbers in
polar form:

(a)3  4i (b)  3  4i
(c)  3  4i (d )3  4i
• Convert (a) 4∠30◦ (b) 7∠−145◦ into a+ib form,
correct to 4 significant figures.
• Simplify
2
2  1  3i 
(a) (b)i  
 1 i  1  2i 
4

• Evaluate, in polar form:

2∠30◦ +5∠−45◦ −4∠120◦.
• Determine the moduli and arguments of the
complex roots

(3+4i)1/3
(−2+i)1/4
• Determine the two square roots of the
complex number (5 + 12i) in polar and
cartesian forms and show the roots on an
Argand diagram.
• Express the roots of (−14+ 3i)−2/5 in polar form.
• Find all solutions of the equation,

z  (1  4i ) z  4i  0
4 2
• Determine in polar and cartesian forms
– (a) [3∠41◦]4
– (b) (−2−i)5.
• Change (3−4i) into
– (a) polar form,
– (b) exponential form.
• Convert 7.2ei1.5 into rectangular form
• Express z=2e1+iπ/3 in Cartesian form and polar form.
• When displaced electrons oscillate about an
equilibrium position the displacement x is given
by the equation:

 ht  4 mf  h  t 
2

 j 
 2 m 2 ma 
x  Ae  

– Determine the real part of x in terms of t, assuming

(4mf − h2) is positive.
• Determine the domain in the z-plane
represented by
(a)3  z  4  5
(b) Im( z )  6
 
(c)  amp ( z ) 
4 2
• Find the locus of z when
z i
z2
• Is purely imaginary.
• Simplify

 cos 5  i sin 5   cos 7  i sin 7 

2 3

 cos 4  i sin 4   cos   i sin  

9 5
 1
• If z  cos   i sin  then z  n  2 cos n
n

z
and z n  1n  2i sin n
z

express cos3 in the terms of cos3 and cos

express sin4 in terms of cos4 and cos2
• Solve z4 + 1 = 0 and locate the roots in the
Argand diagram.
• Show that
32sin   cos   cos 6  2 cos 4  cos 2  2
4 2

• Find the nth root of unity.

• Solve the following equations,

z 1  0
4

z i  0
6
• Determine the region in complex plain
represented by
(a )1  z  2i  3
(b) Re( z )  3
 
(c)  amp( z ) 
6 3
• Verify triangle inequality for
z1=2+3i, z2=4-i
• Find the locus of

z 1  z 1  3
 Vectors

• For the vector a  2, 4 compute,
1 
3a , a , 2a
2
• Determine if the sets of vectors are parallel or
not  
a  2, 4,1 , b  6,12, 3
 
a  4,10 , b  2, 9
• Find a unit vector
 that points in the same
direction as w  5, 2,1
• Compute the dot product for each of the
following
 
v  5i  8 j , w  i  2 j
 
a  0,3, 7 , b  2,3,1
• Determine the angle between
 
a  3, 4, 1 , b  0,5, 2

• Determine if the following vectors are parallel,

orthogonal, or neither.
 
a  6, 2, 1 , b  2,5, 2
   1 1 
u  2i  j , v   i  j
2 4
• A constant force of F=10i+2j −k newtons
displaces an object from A=i+j +k to B=2i−j +3k
(in metres). Find the work done in newton
metres.
• Calculate the work done by a force F=(−5i+j
+7k) N when its point of application moves
from point (−2i−6j +k) m to the point (i−j
+10k) m.
• Determine
 the projection of

b  2,1, 1 onto a  1, 0, 2

• Determine the projection of

 
a  1, 0, 2 onto b  2,1, 1
• Determine the
 direction cosines and direction
angles for a  2,1, 4
• A plane is defined by any three points that are
in the plane. If a plane contains the points ,
P  (1, 0, 0), Q  (1,1,1), R  (2, 1,3)
Find a vector that is orthogonal to the plane.
• Determine if the three vectors lie in the same
planeor not.
a  1, 4, 7 , b  2, 1, 4 , c  0, 9,18

• Find the volume of a parallelepiped whose edges

are a=2i-3j+4k, b=i+2j-k, c=3i-j+2k
• Find the volume of the tetrahedron having the
following vertices (2,1,8), (3,2,9), (2,1,4), (3,3,10).
• Find the moment and the magnitude of the
moment of a force of (i+2j −3k) newtons
about point B having co-ordinates (0, 1, 1),
when the force acts on a line through A whose
co-ordinates are (1, 3, 4).
• The axis of a circular cylinder coincides with
the z-axis and it rotates with an angular
velocity of (2i − 5j + 7k) rad/s. Determine the
tangential velocity at a point P on the cylinder,
whose co-ordinates are ( j + 3k) metres, and
also determine the magnitude of the
tangential velocity.
• Determine the vector equation of the line
through the point with position vector 2i+3j-k
which is parallel to the vector i-2j+3k.
• Find the point on the line corresponding to
λ=3 in the resulting equation of part (a).
• Express the vector equation of the line in
standard Cartesian form.
• Determine the constant b such that the
vectors 4i+2j-k, bi+j+k, 3i-j-5k are coplanar.
• Find the tangent line(s) to the parametric
curve given by
x  t  4t , y  t
5 3 2
at (0,4)
• The parametric equations of a cycloid are
dy d 2 y
x  4    sin   , y  4  1  cos   . Find , 2
dx dx
• Determine the x-y coordinates of the points where the
following parametric equations will have horizontal or
vertical tangents.

x  t  3t , y  3t  9
3 2

• Eliminate the parameter from the following set of

parametric equations.
x  t  t , y  2t  1
2
• Find the second derivative for the following
set of parametric equations,
x  t 5  4t 3 , y  t 2
• Write down the equation of the line that
passes through the points (2,-1,3) and (1,4,-
3). Write down all three forms of the equation
of the line.
• Determine if the line that passes through the
point (0,-3,8) and is parallel to the line given
by x=10+3t, y=12t and z=-3-t passes through
the xz-plane. If it does give the coordinates of
that point.
• Determine the equation of the plane that
contains the points
P  (1, 2, 0), Q  (3,1, 4), R  (0, 1, 2)
• Determine if the plane given by –x+2z=10 and

the line given by r  5, 2  t ,10  4t is parallel ?
• Find the general formula for the tangent
vector and unit tangent vector to the curve

given by r (t )  t 2
i  2sin tj  2cos tk
• Find the vector equation of the tangent line to
    
the curve given by r (t )  t 2
i  2sin( t ) j  2cos(t ) k at t 
3
• Find the normal and binormal vectors for

r (t )  t ,3sin t ,3cos t