Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 58 views

    Translation: The Last Stage of Central Dogma

    Uploaded by

    Chandu Kishore Kalloni
    Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It requires tRNAs, ribosomes, mRNA, amino acids and various enzymes and factors. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the binding of initiation factors, mRNA and fMet-tRNA to form the initiation complex. In elongation, amino acids are added one by one to form the polypeptide chain through the formation of peptide bonds. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing the release of the complete polypeptide chain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Translation: The Last Stage of Central Dogma

    Uploaded by

    Chandu Kishore Kalloni
    58 views10 pages
    Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It requires tRNAs, ribosomes, mRNA, amino acids and various enzymes and factors. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the binding of initiation factors, mRNA and fMet-tRNA to form the initiation complex. In elongation, amino acids are added one by one to form the polypeptide chain through the formation of peptide bonds. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing the release of the complete polypeptide chain.

    Original Description:

    Process of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

    Original Title

    Translation

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It requires tRNAs, ribosomes, mRNA, amino acids and various enzymes and factors. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the binding of initiation factors, mRNA and fMet-tRNA to form the initiation complex. In elongation, amino acids are added one by one to form the polypeptide chain through the formation of peptide bonds. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing the release of the complete polypeptide chain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    58 views10 pages

    Translation: The Last Stage of Central Dogma

    Uploaded by

    Chandu Kishore Kalloni
    Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It requires tRNAs, ribosomes, mRNA, amino acids and various enzymes and factors. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the binding of initiation factors, mRNA and fMet-tRNA to form the initiation complex. In elongation, amino acids are added one by one to form the polypeptide chain through the formation of peptide bonds. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing the release of the complete polypeptide chain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    TRANSLATION

     The last stage of central dogma.


     Cistron-a unit of DNA or RNA responsible for controlling a
    specific body character.
     Muton is mutable unit that could be up to five nucleotides long.
     Recon is the smallest unit that participates in a recombination
    event.
     Regulon a group of genes that are coordinately regulated.
    Translation
    Important components needed for translation
    1. Aminoacids
    2. Ribosomes- Amino acid site Peptidyl site
    3. mRNA
    4. tRNA
    5. Enzymes
    a. Aminoacid activating system( amino acyl tRNA synthetase)
    b. Peptide polymerase system
    6. ATP for energy source
    7. GTP for synthesis of peptide bonds
    8 . Initiation and transcription factors
    9. Various Inorganic Factors(eg.,K+,Mg+NH+)
    Activation of Aminoacid

    1. AA+ ATP+ Aminoacyl Synthetase

    Aminoacyl Adenylate + Pyrophosphate

    2.AA-AMP-ENZYME + tRNA

    AA-tRNA + AMP + Enzyme


    Translation in Prokaryotes
     Initiation: the important change seen in prokaryotes
    is in place of methionine , N-Formyl methionine is
    the initiator codon in prokaryotes.
     Initiation is important step in translation where an
    30S pre-initiation complex form with the association
    of (mRNA, 30S ribosome, fmet-tRNA, three
    proteins called as initiation factors, GTP
     Shine Dalgarno sequence: It is an 8 to 13 nucleotide
    length an untranslated region of mRNA which
    consists of ribosome binding site occurs near to
    AUG codon which is also base pairs with 16srRNA
    Initiation
     1st step: the fmet-tRNA charged with first
    aminoacid binds with the 30S ribosome at the P
    site
     2nd step: fmet-tRNA-30S ribosome binds to 50S
    Subunit to form the complete 70S Initiation
    Complex.
     Energy for this process is provided by Hydrolysis
    of GTP brought to initiation complex by IF2
    Protein
     After initiation two parts of ribosome hold mRNA
    in the form ribbon at both side.
     Four binding sites are located on the ribosome, one for
    mRNA and three for tRNA
     The three tRNA sites are labeled P, A, and E
     The P site, called the peptidyl site, binds to the tRNA
    holding the growing polypeptide chain of amino acids.
     The A site (acceptor site), binds to the aminoacyl tRNA,
    which holds the new amino acid to be added to the
    polypeptide chain. The E site (exit site), serves as a
    threshold
     Amino acid, any of a group of organic molecules that
    consist of a basic amino group (―NH2), an acidic
    carboxyl group (―COOH), and an organic R group (or
    side chain) that is unique to each amino acid.
    Elongation
     In this stage second tRNA binds to the ribosome at
    the A site with the help of proteins called as
    elongation factors.
     EF-Tu protein provides proper positioning of
    aminoacid which also provides energy for the process
    by carrying a molecule of GTP.
     Next important step is formation of peptide bond
    between two amino acid takes place by replacing first
    aminoacid to top second aminoacid
     Ensuring bond between carboxyl group of first amino
    acid to the amino group of second aminoacid.
     The resulting compound is dipeptide reaction is catalysed
    by peptidyl transferase enzyme.
     The energy for this reaction is provided by dissolution
    amino acyl bond between its first amino acid and its
    tRNA.
     Next step in elongation is translocation which involves.
    (a) Ejection of discharged fmet-tRNA from P site
    (b) Movement of physical lifting of dipeptide from A site.
    (c) movement of mRNA in 5’ to 3’ direction for further
    processing.
    Termination:
     Elongation continues until the ribosome encounters
    terminator codons UAA,UGA and UAG.
     These terminator codon are recognized by protein
    release factors(RF-s),RF1 recognizes UAA and UAG
    while RF2 recognizes UGA where as RF3
    stimulates both RF1 and RF2
     Enzyme peptidyl transferase releases polypeptide
    from tRNA which now serve as hydrolysae enzyme
    and 70S ribosome dissociate in to two parts 50S and
    30S and leave mRNA.

    You might also like