HUMAN ANATOMY

Extremitas
dr. S.Rhatomy,Sp.OT (K)

Divisi Sport and Adult Reconstruction

Dept.Orthopaedi dan Traumatologi
RSUP Soeradji Tirtonegoro
Klaten
MAIN PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

HEAD - CAPUT
NECK - COLLUM

TRUNC (TORSO) - TRUNCUS

THORAX (chest)
ABDOMEN (belly)
BACK - DORSUM
PELVIS

UPPER LIMB - EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR

LOWER LIMB - EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
( Right - dexter, left – sinister)
BASIC „ANATOMICAL POSITION“ of the body:

= upright position
- standing up with palm of the hand turned
anteriorly
Planes and axes of the body – divide the body:

• frontal plane – front and back part

• sagittal (median) plane - right and left part
• transverse plane – upper and lower part
Terminology of directions in the body

• cranial- caudal
• ventral- dorsal
• anterior-posterior
• lateral-medial
• dexter-sinister
• superior-inferior
• internal- external
• profundus-superficial
(deep)
Upper and lower limbs:
(directions and position)

• proximalis – distalis
(up and down)

• ulnaris – radialis (upper limb)

• tibialis – fibularis (lower limb)
• palma manus – palm of the hand
• palmaris – dorsalis
• dorsum manus – back of the hand
• planta pedis - sole of the foot
• dorsum pedis - back of the foot
• plantaris – dorsalis
 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY
Bony skeleton forms the passive locomotor system

SHAPES OF BONES:

1. Long bones – humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibule

- consist of a BODY (SHAFT, DIAPHYSIS)
and two ENDS (EPIPHYSIS, head) – with articular surfaces

2. Flat bones – scapula, sternum, bones of the skull and pelvis

3. Short bones – wrist (carpal bb.), foot (tarsal bb.)

4. Irregular bones – vertebrae

5. Pneumatic bones – air-filled cavities (skull)

6. Sesamoid bones – in the muscle tendons (patella)

Ossa sesamoidea

(sesamoid bones)
Spongy bone - Diploe

Periosteum
Compact b.
Spongy b.

Cavitas
medullaris
STRUCTURE OF THE BONES: (LAYERS):

• PERIOSTEUM – soft connective tissue (fibrous layer)

nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
growth and regeneration

• COMPACT (cortical) BONE- the hardest superficial layer

• SPONGY BONE (TRABECULAR)

-„diploe“ of flat bones

• MEDULLARY (MARROW) CAVITY (only long bones)

(bony marrow- medulla)- red, yellow or gray

-
Layers of long bones

Periosteum

Compact (cortical bone)

Spongy bone

Medullary cavity
(medulla ossium)
Architecture of spongy
bones

SPONGY BONE -
TRABECULAE

- Organised to specific
directions against pressure
 Development of the bones

OSSIFICATION OF THE SKELETON

. from cartilage (gristle) Growth

cartilage
. from fibrous connective tissue
bones of the skull, clavicle)

SSIFICATION CENTRES of the bones:

ong bones – more than one center

head, body, condyles, etc.
Growth plate (epiphysial disk)
Bones of the upper limb (extremitas superior)

• Shoulder girdle
• Scapula
• Clavicle

• Arm (BRACHIUM)
• Humerus

• Forearm (ANTEBRACHIUM)
• Radius
• Ulna

• Hand (MANUS)
• Carpal bones
• Metacarpal bones
• Phalanges
 Hand:
Carpal bones: 2 rows – proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum,
pisiform
distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,
hamate

Metacarpal bones (I – V) /1st – metacarpal bone of the pollex/

Fingers:
Phalanges: proximal, medial, distal
(pollex – only proximal and distal)

Digiti manus et pedis

(fingers of the hand and foot)

I. Pollex (Hallux)
II. Index
III. Medius
IV. Anularis
V. Digitus minimus
Detailed description
of the each bone !!

Scapule:
-flat, trangular bone, left

• Borders - medial, lateral,

superior,
•Glenoid fossa,
•Angles – superior,lateral,
inferior
•Acromion,
•Coracoid process,
•Spine of scapule,
•Supraspinal fossa,
•Infraspinal fossa,
•Subscapular fossa
•Supraglenoid tubercle,
•Infraglenoid tubercle…
Detailed description!! Scapule: flat,bone, right
Ventral surface (facies costalis)

1. lateral border
2. collum scapulae - neck
3. glenoid cavity
4. acromion
5. coracoid process
6. incisure of scapulae
7. superior angle
8. medial border
9. subscapular fossa –
lineae musculares
10. inferior angle
supraglenoid tubercle
infraglenoid tubercle
Scapule: Dorsal surface

1. Lateral margin
2. Neck of scapule
3. Glenoid cavity 9
5
4. acromion
5. spina of scapule
6. Incisura of scapule 11
7. superior angle
8. medial margin
9. Supraspinous fossa
10.inferior angle
11. Infraspinous fossa
Clavicula sinistra
(left clavicle) 1
2

1. Acromial end
2. Sternal end
3. Coracoid tuberosity 1
4. Subclavian sulcus
3
4
Lower view 2
Clavicula dextra (right)
 Humerus – long bone
CORPUS –body
( DIAPHYSIS)

UPPER AND LOWER END

(EPIPHYSIS)
(proximal, distal)

• head of humerus
• anatomical neck
• greater tubercle
• lesser tubercle
• intertubercular sulcus
• surgical neck
• deltoid tuberosity
• medial epicondyle
• lateral epicondyle
• trochlea
• capitulum (condyles)
• olecranon fossa
 Humerus – long bone
Anterior surface
BODY ( DIAPHYSIS)
CAPUT – (HEAD)
CONDYLE 8. Intertubercular
– articular surfaces sulcus
(proximal and distal) 9. Greater tubercle
10.caput humeri (head)
1. Trochlea of humeus 11. Lesser tubercle
2. Capitulum of humerus
3. Lateral epicondyle 13.Surgical neck
4. Radial fossa 14. Coronoid fossa
5. Deltoid tuberosity 15. Medial epicondyle
6. Crest of greater tubercle
7. Crest of lesser tubercle
CONDYLE
Antebrachium
(forearm)

Radius
Ulna
Interosseal membrane

Articulatio cubiti
(elbow joint)
Radius and
ulna (long bb.) 1. styloid process of radius
2. interosseal margin of radius
•Right side 3. radial tuberosity
4. neck of radius
5. circumference of radius
•Anterior surface 6. coronoid process of ulna
7. trochlear incisure
8. olecranon
9. ulnar tuberosity
10.interosseal margin of ulna
11.head of ulnae
12.styloid process of ulna

1
Radius Ulna
 Ulna
olecranon
trochlear incisure

Coronoid process

Ulnar tuberosity

Head of ulna

styloid process

Proximal end Distal end

Head of ulna
Skeleton of the hand:

Carpal bones: 2 rows –

proximal: scaphoid,
lunate, triquetrum,
pisiform

distal: trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate,
hamate

Metacarpal bones (I – V)
/1st – metacarpal bone
of the pollex/

Fingers:
Phalanges: proximal,
medial, distal (pollex –
only proximal and distal)
Skeleton manus:

Carpus

Carpal bones : proximal row:

scaphoid, lunate,
triquetrum, pisiform

distal row:
trapezium, trapezoid,
capitate, hamate
Metacarpus, phalanges

Distal phalanx
medial phalanx
Proximal phalanx
x pollex
Proximal and distal phal.

Metacarpal bones (I. – V.)

OSSA CARPALIA (Carpal bones)

OSSIFICATION

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Lower Limb

• Skeleton (homologous with upper limb)

• Muscles--anterior, posterior compartments
• Nerves--sciatic, femoral
• Surface anatomy
Bones of the Lower Limb
• Function:
– Locomotion
– Carry weight of entire erect body
– Support
– Points for muscular attachments
• Components:
– Thigh
• Femur
– Knee
• Patella
– Leg
• Tibia (medial)
• Fibula (lateral)
– Foot
• Tarsals (7)
• Metatarsals (5)
• Phalanges (14)
 Joints of Lower
Limb
 Hip (femur +
acetabulum)
 Ball + socket
 Multiaxial
 Synovial
 Knee (femur +
patella)
 Plane
 Gliding of patella
 Synovial
 Knee (femur +
tibia)
 Hinge
Frolich, Human  Biaxial
Anatomy, Lower LImb
 Synovial
Joints of Lower Limb

 Proximal Tibia + Fibula

 Plane
 Gliding
 Synovial
 Distal Tibia + Fibula
 Slight “give”
 Fibrous
 Ankle (Tibia/Fibula +
Talus)
 Hinge
 Uniaxial
 Synovial
Thigh

• Femur
– Largest, longest,
strongest bone in the
body!!
– Receives a lot of stress
– Courses medially
• More in women!
– Articulates with
acetabulum proximally
– Articulates with tibia and
patella distally
Knee
• Patella
– Triangular sesamoid
bone
– Protects knee joint
– Improves leverage of
thigh muscles acting
across the knee
– Contained within
patellar ligament
Leg
• Tibia
– Receives the weight of body from
femur and transmits to foot
– Second to femur in size and
weight
– Articulates with fibula proximally
and distally
• Interosseous membrane
• Fibula
– Does NOT bear weight
– Muscle attachment
– Not part of knee joint
– Stabilize ankle joint
 • Function:
Foot – Supports the weight of the
body
– Act as a lever to propel the
body forward
• Parts:
– Tarsals
• Talus = ankle
– Between tibia and fibula
– Articulates with both
• Calcaneus = heel
– Attachment for Calcaneal
tendon
– Carries talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Medial, lateral and
intermediate cuneiforms
– Metatarsals
– Phalanges
Foot  Function:
 Support weight
 Act as lever when walking
 Tarsals
 Talus = ankle
• Between tibia + fibula
• Articulates w/both
 Calcaneus = heel
• Attachment for Calcaneal
tendon
• Carries talus
 Metatarsals
 Homologous to metacarpals
 Phalanges
 Smaller, less nimble