Presented by Ahmad Hassan: University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (FSD Campus)

Presented By Ahmad Hassan
University Of Engineering and Technology Lahore

(FSD Campus)
2014-BT-TXT-03
Contents
Introduction of environmental hazard
Types of environment hazard
Earthquake
Types of earthquake weaves
Volcano
Causes
Effects
Introduction of environmental
hazard
 Environmental hazards is the state of events
which greatly effects the surrounding and
people’s health.
 This situation cause pollution and natural such

as storm, earthquake and volcano.
What is Earthquake?
 A sudden movement of the earth's crust caused
by the release of stress collected along faults or
by volcanic activity
How Earthquake Happens?
 It caused by a sudden slip on a FAULT.
 Stresses in the earth's

outer layer push sides of
fault together.
 Stress builds up & rocks

slips suddenly, releasing
energy in waves that travel
through the earth's CRUST
& cause the shaking that we
Feel during an earthquake.
 Fault- earthquake
 A fault is a fracture along which the blocks of outermost
major layer of the earth, on either side have moved relative
to one another parallel to the fracture. Faults are classified
to Strike-slip and Dip-slip faults (normal, reverse and
thrust).
 What is the crust?

 The outermost major layer of the earth is called CRUST and
ranging from about 10 to 65 km in thickness worldwide.
The uppermost 25 km of crust is brittle enough to produce
earthquakes.
Earthquake
.
Epicenter and Focus
Types of Earthquake Waves
 Body Waves
 P-Waves (primary waves)
 S-Waves (secondary waves)
 Surface Waves
 L – Love Waves
 R – Raleigh Waves
Body Waves: P and S waves
 Body waves
 P or primary waves
 fastest waves
 travel through solids,
liquids, or gases
 compression wave,
material movement in
the same direction as
wave movement
 S or secondary waves
 slower than P waves
 travel through solids
only
 shear waves - move
material perpendicular
to wave movement
Surface Waves: R and L waves
 Surface Waves
 Travel just length of the ground’s surface
 Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side movement
 Especially damaging to buildings
Tsunami
 Tsunami is a series waves caused by earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions under the sea.
 Out in the depths of the ocean, tsunami waves do not
dramatically increase in height. But as the waves travel
inland, they build up to higher and higher heights as the
depth of the ocean decreases. The speed of tsunami
waves depends on ocean depth rather than the distance
from the source of the wave. Tsunami waves may travel
as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down
when reaching shallow water
Tsunami
.
How Measure The Earthquake Strength?
1. Magnitude & 2. Intensity
1. Magnitude:
 A measure of actual physical energy release at its source as

estimated from instrumental observations.
2. Intensity:
 A measure of the felt effects of an earthquake rather than the
strength of the earthquake itself.
Effects
 Fires
 Building collapse
Effects
 Rupture
 Liquification
Volcanoes
 A volcano is a vent that
Vent
connects molten rock
(magma) from in the
Earth’s crust to the Earth's
surface.
 The volcano includes the

surrounding cone of
erupted material Magma
Chamber
How and why do volcanoes erupt?
 Hot, molten rock (magma) is floating and will rise up
through the crust to erupt on the surface.
 When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily

it flows and the amount of gas (H2, CO2, SO2) it has in it as
to how it erupts.
 Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma

will form an explosive eruption!
 Small amounts of gas and low viscosity magma will form an

effusive eruption
Effusive eruptions are
characterized by outpourings
of lava on to the ground.
Volcano
.
Volcano Monitoring
 Seismicity
 Deformation
 Gas Output
 Remote sensing techniques
 These three things are

the most important sign
to an eruption.
What is volcano monitoring?
 As magma moves through the Earth’s crust it can alter it’s
environment producing sign’s on the surface, these signs
are called “precursors” to an eruption.
 Precursors include
• Increased earthquakes in the area means increased
seismicity
• Swelling and cracking of the ground means deformation
• Change in the amount of chemistry of the gas coming out
of the volcano
• Change in the groundwater levels and chemistry.
Volcano Flow
 However, the potential damage was reduced by
spraying seawater onto the advancing volcano flows.
 This caused them to slow and stop away from the
undamaged part of the town.
Volcano Flow
 It is not just explosive volcanic activity that can
be hazardous. Effusive activity is also
dangerous.

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Presented By Ahmad Hassan

University Of Engineering and Technology Lahore

 This situation cause pollution and natural such

 Stresses in the earth's

 Stress builds up & rocks

 What is the crust?

 A measure of actual physical energy release at its source as

 The volcano includes the

 When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily

 Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma

 Small amounts of gas and low viscosity magma will form an

 These three things are

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