Piping components

30-JUN-11

Offshore Piping Design Part

0. Contents

1. Classification on base material

2. Pipe
3. Fitting
4. Flange
5. Classification of valve
6. Valve
7. Special item

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 Pipe

Classification base on material

Piping component

Metallic Non-Metallic Lined

Ferrous Non-Ferrous PE Lined PP Lined

(Polyethylene) (Polypropylene)

Copper Aluminum Nickel Titanium

alloy alloy alloy

Cast iron Carbon steel Stainless steel GRP CPVC PVC

(Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride )

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Pipe

10” STD Pipe

(231.46 mm)
(273 mm)
OD

ID

NPS : Nominal Pipe Size, DN : Nominal diameter (metric)

OD : Outside Diameter
ID : Inside Diameter

The size of pipe is identified by the nominal pipe size(NPS) or nominal bore(NB). The manufacture of pipe is base
on outside diameter which is standardized. (Outside diameter stays constant)

In American standard, the pipes are covered under

- ASME B36.10 welded and seamless wrought steel pipe

- ASME B36.19 stainless steel pipe
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 Pipe

ASME B36.10M

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5
 Pipe

ASME B36.19M

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 Pipe Joint

Butt-Weld Joint

Usage : For most process, utility and service piping

Especially for line size 2” and above

Advantage of joint : Economic and reliable of jointing with

no additional component requirement, most practical way of
joining larger pipes and fitting which offer reliable, leakproof
joint

Disadvantage of joint : Intruding weld metal may affect flow

How joint is made : the end of pipe is beveled. Fitting are

similarly beveled by the manufacturer. The two parts are
aligned, properly gapped, tack welded, and then a continuous
weld is made to complete the joint.

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 Pipe Joint

Socket-Welded Joint

Usage : For most utility and chemical service piping

Especially for line size 1 1/2” and below

Advantage of joint : Easier alignment on small lines than

butt welding when internal weld is difficult. Tack welding is
unnecessary.
No weld metal can enter bore
Joint will not leak, when properly made

Disadvantage of joint : 1/16”(1.5 mm) recess in joint for

thermal expansion which might be liquid pocket.

No use in service subjected to vibration or crevice corrosion

is anticipated

How joint is made : the end of pipe is finished flat, It is

located in the fitting, valve, flange, etc., and a continuous fillet
weld is made around the circumference.

Thread fittings have pressure class designations (2000, 3000,

6000, 9000).

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 Pipe Joint

Socket-Welded Joint

Socket welding and Thread fittings have pressure class designations (2000, 3000, 6000, 9000). : ASME B16.11.

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 Pipe Joint

Screwed Joint

Usage : rarely used in offshore process piping but especially

for instrument air and utility air line which is galvanizing plated
to avoid damage from welding heat

Advantage of joint : Easily made from pipe and fitting on

site.
Minimizes fire hazard when installing piping in area where
flammable gases or liquid are presented

Disadvantage of joint : No use in service subjected to

severe erosion, crevice corrosion, shock, or vibration is
anticipated nor at temperatures over 925 F(496 C). (ASME
B31.1)
Possible leakage of joint seal welding may be required
Strength of the pipe is reduced, as forming the screw thread
reduces the wall thickness

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 Pipe Joint

Type of thread

NPT thread(ASME B1.20.1)

NPT National Pipe Taper American Standard Pipe Taper Thread

NPSC National Pipe Straight Coupling American Standard Straight Coupling Pipe Thread
NPTR National Pipe Taper Railing American Standard Taper Railing Pipe Thread
NPSM National Pipe Straight Mechanical American Standard Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread
NPSH National Pipe Straight Hose American Standard Straight Locknut Pipe Thread
NPTF National Pipe Tapered Fuel American Standard Pipe Thread Tapered (Dryseal)
BSPP British Standard Pipe Parallel British Standard Pipe Thread Parallel
BSPT British Standard Pipe Taper British Standard Pipe Thread Tapered

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 Pipe Joint

Flanged Joint

Usage : Common way to connect vessel, equipment, valve

and inline instrument to be dismantled for maintenance.

How joint is made : Flanged joints are made by bolting

together two flanges with gasket between them to provide
seal.

Note: Flange with different standards are not normally joined

, if necessary the advice shall be determined to ensure
compatibility.

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Fitting

End connection : Butt’ weld

Classification of fitting Fitting

Socket weld
Screwed
Flanged

Elbow Tee Cap Reducer Coupling Swage Nipple Union O-let

45 90 Concentric Eccentric
Elbow Elbow Reducer Reducer

Equal Reducing Full Reducing Weldolet Sockolet Threadolet

Tee Tee Coupling Coupling

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Fitting

10” 90 deg LR Elbow STD Wall thickness ?

Long Radius Elbow Short Radius Elbow

A=1.5 x NPS A=1 x NPS

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Fitting

45 deg. Elbow 90 deg. Elbow

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Fitting

10” X 6” Reducing tee XS – STD wall thickness?

Equal Tee Reducing Tee

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Fitting

1. Cap

Cap

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Fitting

10” X 6” Eccentric Reducer XS – STD wall thickness?

Concentric Eccentric
Reducer Reducer

Bottom flat

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Fitting

Full Reducing
Coupling Coupling

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Fitting

Swage

PBE : plain both end PLE : plain larger end

PSE : Plain small end BLE : Bevel large end
TBE : thread both end TLE : thread large end

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 Fitting

Unions are used in low pressure piping, small bore piping(1 ½” below) where dismantling of the pipe is
required more often, as an alternative to flange. It can be used for semi permanent connection between two
pipes, it is generally easier to take apart and allow pipes of different metals to come together safely.
It is usually not recommend to use in offshore plant by difficulties in proof no leakage.
Union can be with threaded end or with socket weld ends. There are three pieces in a union. Two end piece to
attach to the run pipe and the third threaded piece to connect these two. The ball type metal seating ensure
sealing.
Union

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Fitting

Weld-olet Socket-olet Thread-olet

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 Flange

Classification base on pipe joint

10” WN Flange #150 R.F STD wall thickness?

Slip-on Socket Welding Thread

Flange Flange Flange

Welding Neck
Flange

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 Flange

Classification base on flange face

Flat face : use in when the counter flanges are flat face. Flat face Raised face
This condition occurs mainly on connection to cast iron
equipment and non metallic flange. This is partially applied
flange rating #150 especially for GRP piping system.
Gasket : Non metallic gasket is inserted to seal.

Raised face : The facing on a RF flange has a concentric or

phonographic groove with a controlled surface. Used in most
of piping system within flange rating #150 ~ #600.
Gasket : Metallic spiral wound gasket

Ring joint face : most efficient for high temperature and high- Ring joint face Lap joint
pressure service. It is adopted for rating #900 and above.
Gasket : Metallic Octagonal or Oval ring gasket

Lap joint : is shaped to accommodate the stub end. The

combination of flange and stub end presents similar geometry
of the raised face flange and can be used where severe
bending stresses will not occur.
Or costly pipe such as copper nickel is used. Ring flange can
be made of carbon steel.

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Flange

Spade and spacer

The system is required to be positive isolated for maintenance for
vessel and equipment. It is different than a valve in that blind is a
permanent or long term isolation device. A line is positively isolated
by either inserting a spade between two flanges, swinging a
spectacle/blind or installing a blind flange on the end of a flange. A
spectacle blind is machined from a single piece of metal that is cut to
match the pipe size, fitted two pipe flanges and requires a gasket for
installation. The thickness is specified based on the pressure and
pipe size.

Blind flange

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Classification of valve base on function

Valve

Isolation Regulation Non-return Special purpose

Gate Ball Piston Diaphragm Butterfly Check Multi-port

Knife Gate
Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve Valve
Valve

Globe Needle Butterfly Diaphragm

Valve Valve Valve Valve

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 Valve

Gate valve
Gate Valves are primarily designed to start or stop flow, and when
a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum flow restriction are
needed. In service, these valves generally are either fully open or
fully closed.
Main feature of gate valve is the flat face or vertical disc or wedge
that slides in a track or seat which can be lifted in a direction at
right angles to the valve until clear of the flow path. The disk of a
gate valve is completely removed when the valve is fully open; the
disk is fully drawn up into the valve bonnet. This leaves an
opening for flow through the valve at the same inside diameter as
the pipe system in which the valve is installed.

Advantages of using gate valves:

•Good shutoff features
•Gate Valves are bidirectional and therefore they can be used in two (Wedge)
directions
•Pressure loss through the valve is minimal

The major drawbacks to the use of a gate valve are:

•They can not be quickly opened or closed
•Gate Valves are not suitable for regulate or throttle flow
•They are sensitive to vibration in the open state

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 Valve

Ball valve
A ball valve or spherical plug valve is a quarter-turn rotational
motion valve that uses a ball-shaped disk to stop or start flow. The
ball valve is the least expensive but most widely used of all types.
Basic geometry involves a spherical ball located by two resilient
sealing rings in a simple body form. If the valve is opened, the ball
rotates to a point where the hole through the ball is in line with the
valve body inlet and outlet. If the valve is closed, the ball is rotated
so that the hole is perpendicular to the flow openings of the valve
body and the flow is stopped.

Advantages of using ball valves:

•Quick quarter turn on-off operation
•Tight sealing with low torque
•Smaller in size than most other valves

Disadvantages of ball valves:

•Conventional ball valves have poor throttling properties
•In slurry or other applications, the suspended particles can settle
and become trapped in body cavities causing wear, leakage, or valve
failure.

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Valve

Piston valve
Piston valves resemble in construction more towards a globe valve in a small size with tapered plug and are
used for shut off and regulation. This valve provide positive shut off.

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 Valve

Butterfly valve
A butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotational motion valve, that is
used to stop, regulate, and start flow. Butterfly valve uses a flat
disc in which the closure devices rotates about an axis regulating
the flow of fluid with off-centre or in-line sealing. Butterfly valves
are easy and fast to open. A 90° rotation of the handle provides a
complete closure or opening of the valve. Large Butterfly valves
are usually equipped with a so-called gearbox, where the hand-
wheel by gears is connected to the stem. This simplifies the
operation of the valve, but at the expense of speed.

Advantages of butterfly valves

•Compact design requires considerably less space, compared to
other valves
•Light in weight
•Quick operation requires less time to open or close
•Available in very large sizes
•Low-pressure drop and high-pressure recovery

Disadvantages of butterfly valves

•Throttling service is limited to low differential pressure
•Cavitations and choked flow are two potential concerns
•Disc movement is unguided and affected by flow turbulence

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 Valve

Diaphragm valve
Diaphragm is pushed into contact with the bottom of the valve
body to provide shut-off. The closure devices usually an
elastomeric diaphragm or tube which acts as a flexible seal
compressed against a ridge in the valve body. Diaphragm valves
are excellent for controlling the flow of fluids containing
suspended solids and offer flexibility of being installed in any
position. The application of valves are food processing and water
treatment industries.

Manual diaphragm valves are ideal for flow control by offering a

variable and precise opening for controlling pressure drop through
the valve.

Advantage
Leak proof seal for tight shut-off.
Easy maintenance for diaphragm

Disadvantage
Limitation in moderate temperature range and pressure service by
mechanical properties of diaphragm materials.

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 Valve

Globe valve
The globe valve is characterized by a baffle or
partition separating two halves of the body with
an interconnecting part at the centre opened
and closed of screw down/up disc to the body.
A conical plug moves in and out of the fluid

Can be used for shutoff as well as throttling

(flow restriction to cause a drop in pressure) in
high pressure drop and temperature
applications

Easier to repair but more pressure drop than a

gate or plug valve

Positive Features – Recommendations

1) Recommended for throttling applications
2) Positive bubble-tight shutoff when equipped with
resilient seating
3) Good for frequent operation
Disadvantages
1) Significant pressure drop due to flow path
2) More costly than alternate valves

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 Valve

Check valve
Check valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or
gas) to flow through it in only one direction to prevent reverse flow in a line.

Check valves are "automatic" valves that open with forward flow and close with reverse flow. The pressure of the
fluid passing through a system opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve. Exact operation will
vary depending on the type of check valve mechanism. Most common types of check valves are swing, lift (piston
and ball), foot valves ( specifically check valves fitted to the bottom of suction pipe), wafer check valve, hydraulic and
pneumatic check valves.

Swing check valve Wafer check valve Piston check valve

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 Specialty item

Strainer

Y strainer T strainer Con strainer

It is Inserted in lies immediately upstream of sensitive equipment, strainers collect solid particles in the approximate
size range 0.02 ~ 0.5 inch, which can be separated by passing the fluid bearing them thru the strainer screen.
Typical locations for strainers are before a control valve, pump, turbine.

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PSV(Pressure Safety Valve)

A pressure relief valve is a safety device designed to protect a pressurized vessel or system during an
overpressure event. This valve operates automatically when a predetermined pressure level is exceeded
by releasing an adjustable spring which holds a valve disc. An overpressure event refers to any condition
which would cause pressure in a vessel or system to increase approaching the specified design
pressure or maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP).

Pressure safety valve is designed to prevent damage of a system or component by releasing excess
pressure then reclose and prevent the further flow of fluid after normal condition has been restored. It is
characterized with a rapid opening pop when setting pressure is reached.

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PSV(Pressure Safety Valve)

Conventional Pressure Relief Valves(Spring loaded)

The basic spring loaded pressure relief valve has been

developed to meet the need for a simple, reliable,
system actuated device to provide overpressure
protection. The operational characteristics are opening,
closing and relieving capacity affected by changes of
the back pressure on the valve
When system pressure reaches the setting pressure,
the force of pressure acting over disk equals the
force of the spring, and the disc will lift and allow
fluid to flow out through the valve. When pressure
in the system returns to a safe level, the valve will
return to the closed position.

Advantages
Most reliable type if properly sized and operated
Versatile -- can be used in many services

Disadvantages
Relieving pressure affected by back pressure
Susceptible to chatter if built-up back pressure is too
high

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PSV(Pressure Safety Valve)

Pilot-Operated Pressure Relief Valves

Pilot operated pressure relief valves consist of a main
valve with piston or diaphragm operated disc and a pilot.
Under normal operating conditions the pilot allows system
pressure into the piston chamber allowing maximum
expected operating pressure. Since the piston
area is greater than the disc seat area, the disc is held
closed. When the set pressure is reached, the pilot
actuates to simultaneously vents the piston chamber. This
causes the disc to open. The lift of main piston is not
affected by built up back pressure.

They only open the main valve enough to keep the system at
set pressure which leads to less wasted product being
relieved through the valve.

Less noise generated by the valve when it is required to

relieve.

Apart from these operational advantages there are many

physical advantages of using a pilot valve:
• More compact compared to conventional spring loaded
relief valves.
• Weigh less than conventional spring loaded relief valves
for comparable valve sizes.

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Flow element

Restriction orifice
Orifice plate is a thin plate with an orifice in the middle. It is
placed in a pipe where the volumetric flow measurement
needs to be done. When the fluid flows through the orifice in
the orifice plate, fluid velocity changes and according to
Bernoulli’s equation pressure also changes. By measuring
the difference between pressure values immediately before
and after the orifice plate, volumetric flow calculation can be
done. Orifice does not reduces t5he flow rate per time since
it provides a given pressure difference and size then a
certain flow rate is measured.

Installation Considerations

Required straight run for Upward is 15D, for Downward is 5D

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Flow element

Recommended orifice and DP transmitter configuration

Gas Liquid

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Flow element

An electromagnetic flowmeter operate on Faraday's law of

Electromagnetic flowmeter electromagnetic induction that states that a voltage will be
induced when a conductor moves through a magnetic field.

The liquid serves as the conductor and the magnetic field is

created by energized coils outside the flow tube.
The voltage produced is directly proportional to the flow
rate. Two electrodes mounted in the pipe wall detect the
voltage which is measured by a secondary element.
Electromagnetic flowmeters can measure difficult and
corrosive liquids and slurries, and they can measure flow in
both directions with equal accuracy.
Electromagnetic flowmeters have a relatively high power
consumption and can only be used for electrical conductive
fluids as water.

Installation Considerations

This flowmeter shall be installed in an area with full of flow.

Required straight run of Upstream is 5D and down stream is
2D.

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Flow element

Vortex flowmeter

When Resistor (Vortex shedder) is installed in Flow, Karman vortex

shall be generated in the back side.
Vortex shedding frequency is proportionate to Fluid velocity and
measures Flow rate.

Installation Considerations
Required straight run of Upstream is 10D and down stream is 5D.

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Flow element

Direct Mass flow meter

It is also called Inertial flow meter and Coriolis flow meter. It measures Mass flowrate by using Corioli’s effect.
There are Curved tube (Vibration) and Straight tube type (Oscillation).

Installation Considerations
The best direction for installing is Vertical upward.
No requires as straight run

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Flow element

Turbine flowmeter
The primary element consists of a multi-bladed rotor which is mounted at right angles to the flow and suspended in
the fluid stream on a free-running bearing. The diameter of the rotor is slightly less than the inside diameter of the
flowmetering chamber, and its speed of rotation is proportional to the volumetric flowrate.

The speed of rotation of the turbine may be determined using an electronic proximity switch mounted on the
outside of the pipework, which counts the pulses

Installation Considerations
Required straight run of Upstream is 10D and down stream is 5D.

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Flow element

Ultrasonic flowmeter
A pair of transducers are installed on the outer surface of the pipe as shown in the diagram. Each transducer works
alternatively as both transmitter and receiver of ultrasonic signals.
When the ultrasonic signal is transmitted toward the upstream side against the flow direction, more propagation
time is required (T1). On the other hand, when it is transmitted toward the downstream side with the flow direction,
the propagation time is less (T2). That is, the signal is delayed or speeded up by the moving fluid. The difference in
time between "T1" and "T2" is proportional to the flow velocity, and the flow volume can be calculated by
multiplying it by the cross-sectional area, which is obtained by using the pipe diameter and wall thickness.

Installation Considerations
Required straight run for Upward is 20D, for Downward is 5D

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 SDV/BDV(Shut down /blow down valve)

A shut down valve (also referred to as SDV or Emergency shutdown valve, ESV, ESD, or ESDV) is an actuated valve designed
to stop the flow of a hazarous fluid or external hydrocarbons (gases) upon the detection of a dangerous event.

A blow down valve is to open flow through depressurization system such as flare

During plant normal condition, there will be electrical current flows through the instrument loop. When trip/shutdown is
required, the loop will be de-energized.
During plant normal condition (pressure is lower than HiHi setting) the switch contact is closed and enables current flow within
the loop. Likewise, the solenoid of SDV is energized by electrical power to allow air supply stroking the SDV and then forcing it
in open position.

Normal condition, Valve is open and valve position is made by air supply into chamber in actuator which is compressing the
spring. When shutdown is required, solenoid valve is de-energized and shut off the air into air chamber. Valve is closed.

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