Traffic Engineering

Traffic Engineering
• Definition
“Traffic Engineering is that phase of engineering
which deals with planning and geometric design of
streets highways, abutting lands, and with traffic
operation thereon, as their use is related to the safe,
convenient and economic transportation of persons
and goods”
Traffic Engineering
• Importance of Traffic Engineering

- Growth of vehicles
- Cars-7.5 percent
- Buses-5.3 percent
- Trucks-6.2 Percent
- Two-wheelers-17.2 Percent
Scope of Traffic Engineering
• Achieve efficient free, rapid flow of traffic, and least
number of accidents. The study of traffic engg
maybe summarized as:
- Traffic Characteristics
- Traffic studies and analysis
- Traffic operation-control and regulation
- Planning and analysis- for expressways
- Geometric design
- Administration and management
Traffic System
Components:
1. Cars, Buses, Trucks, Taxis ---

Vehicular Traffic
2. Motorway, Highway, Urban Arterial,

Rural roads --- Road Conditions
3. Young, Drunk, Experienced,

Learner’s License --- Driver
Characteristics
4. Rainy, Sunny, Foggy, Night-time

conditions --- Environmental
Conditions
5. Signalised/Un-signalised -- Control
5
Devices 29/07/2019
TRAFFIC CHARACTERSTICS
A. Road User Characteristics
 Traffic engineer has to design and
operate the traffic facilities which will
be used by the pedestrians, cyclists
and motorists.
 A proper understanding of the
behavior of the road user and the
vehicle characteristics is necessary
for this purpose.
6
HUMAN FACTORS
Factors which affects human

characteristics as road users
 Physical
 Mental
 Psychological and
 Environmental
7
Physical characteristics
 Vision is satisfactory when angle of the
cone is up to 100 or 120.
 Human eye enables to see and
evaluate the size, shape and color of
objects and estimate distances and
speed.
 The light rays from the object get
refracted through the lens and are
brought to the retina.
 The image formed on the retina is
8
transmitted to the brain.
Contd…
 Hearing:
 The sound of a horn or the sound of
the nearing vehicle itself can alert a
pedestrian to safety.
 Elderly persons with falling eyesight
can perceive better through hearing
than through seeing.
 PIEV theory for total reaction time of
driver.
9

PIEV Theory
 According to PIEV
theory, the total
reaction time of the
driver is split into
four parts:
 i) Perception
 ii) Intellection
 iii) Emotion
 iv) Volition
Mental Factors Psychological
Factors
 Knowledge  Emotional
 Skill  Fear
 Intelligence  Anger
 Literacy  Superstition
 Maturity
 Distractions
Environmental Factors
 Road side Features
 Atmospheric conditions & locality
 Traffic stream
 Time-Distance- economy & Comfort & Safety
 Weather and visibility
 Driver Test is compulsory

Other Factors
 Behavior of the drivers as road users
 Behavior of pedestrians as road users

Vehicular Characteristics
 Static characteristics
- Dimensions
- Weight
- Turning angle
 The height of the vehicle affects the clearance of
the overhead structures.
 Length of the vehicle affects capacity, minimum
turning radius, overtaking distance and
maneuverability of vehicles.
 Gross weight govern the structural design of
pavement.
Vehicular Characteristics
 Dynamic characteristics
- Speed
- Acceleration
- Braking characteristics
 The speed and acceleration depends upon the
power of the engine and resistance to overcome.
 The riding comfort on vertical curves depends on
the design of suspension system of the vehicle.
 Impact characteristics on collision depends on
design of bumper and body of the vehicle.
Vehicle Dimensions
Vehicle Dimensions
Weight of loaded vehicles
Braking Characteristics
 The deceleration and braking characteristics of
vehicle depends upon the design and type of
braking system (mechanical, fluid or air brake).
 Safety, Sight distance and spacing between the two

consecutive vehicles depends on braking capacity.
Braking Test
 Measure the skid resistance of the pavement
surface under desired running speed and assumed
that wheels are fully locked and brake efficiency is
100%.
 Determine the skid resistance of the pavement
using relation of motion for uniform
acceleration/retardation.
i) v=u+at
ii) v2-u2=2as
Power Performance of vehicles
 It is necessary to determine vehicle running costs
and geometric design elements like grades.
 Resistance to motion of a Vehicle
a) Rolling resistance
b) Air resistance
c) Grade resistance
d) Inertia forces during acceleration & deceleration
e) Transmission losses.
 It is necessary to determine vehicle running costs
and geometric design elements like grades.
 Resistance to motion of a Vehicle
a) Rolling resistance
b) Air resistance
c) Grade resistance
d) Inertia forces during acceleration & deceleration
e) Transmission losses.
 Rolling Resistance: The rolling resistance varies
with type of surfacing.
 The rolling resistance =Pf=mf g
Where,
m= mass of the vehicle
f=coefficient of rolling resistance
Pf= rolling resistance in N
g=acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
 Rolling resistance depends upon the speed of the
vehicle.
 Air Resistance: When a vehicle is in motion air
resists it in the following ways:
- It exerts pressure against the front of the vehicle
- Sides of the vehicle body
- The eddying of the air stream behind the vehicle.
- Flow of air through the vehicle for ventilating
 Pa=Ca. Av2
 Where, Pa= Pa =Ai resistance in N

A= projected front area of the vehicle in sqm
v= speed of the vehicle m/sec
Ca= co-efficient of air resistance
 Grade Resistance: When a vehicle was moving on a
level stretch at a particular speed has to move up
an incline, additional work has to be done inclined
grade.
 ±Pi=m.i.g
100
where i/100 is the rise per meter
 Inertia forces: When a speed of a moving vehicle
needs to be increased some additional power is
needed to accelerate.
 Similarly additional force is required to accelerate
for a stopped vehicle.
 ±Pj=ma
 Transmission losses: Losses in power occur to the
mode of power transmission (clutch or automatic
fluid coupling) from the engine to the gear system
and in the gear system itself.
 At the start of vehicle, high power is needed but at
low speed.
 The total effect is 10-15% of the engine power.
THANK YOU

Traffic Engineering

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Traffic Engineering

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Traffic Engineering

• Importance of Traffic Engineering

1. Cars, Buses, Trucks, Taxis ---

2. Motorway, Highway, Urban Arterial,

3. Young, Drunk, Experienced,

4. Rainy, Sunny, Foggy, Night-time

Factors which affects human

 Atmospheric conditions & locality

 Time-Distance- economy & Comfort & Safety

 Weather and visibility

 Driver Test is compulsory

 Behavior of pedestrians as road users

 Safety, Sight distance and spacing between the two

d) Inertia forces during acceleration & deceleration

d) Inertia forces during acceleration & deceleration

 Where, Pa= Pa =Ai resistance in N

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