PAS 1: INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION
MTH 10:30 AM TO 12:00 AM | CBA – ROOM 5
Instructor: Louella Martina B. Era

CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the history, contexts and significant
milestones that marked the development of the Philippine
administrative system today, and the field of study that emerged
to support it.
Like many other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, public
administration in the Philippines evolved and shaped from a
constellation of influences from its colonial past.
PRE-COLONIAL
ERA IN THE
PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL ERA IN
THE PHILIPPINES
• The pre-historic Filipinos were an indigenous population
characterized by waves of settlers and migrations between
25,000 and 30,000 BC, who came to the archipelago from
mainland Southeast Asia in big boats (Tan, 1997: 33; Abueva,
1988: 22).
• They ranged from the dark-skinned pygmies whose cultural
remains are preserved in Negrito-type Filipinos, to those of
Malay stock who came from the ancient Malaysians and
Indonesians (Tan, 1997: 33).
PRE-COLONIAL ERA IN
THE PHILIPPINES
• The new inhabitants lived in scattered villages or communities
called barangays, named after the boats or vessels that
brought them to their area of settlement. self-sufficient and
generally self-contained, enjoying independence from each
other.
• The early Filipinos did not have a centralized government.
• Sultanates, or governing institutions under the rulership of
Muslim leaders called sultans, however, were believed to
have also been established in the southern part of the islands
in Mindanao, particularly in Maguindanao, Lanao, and Sulu.
• But these communities apparently had not laid down the
foundations of an established bureaucracy.
PRE-COLONIAL ERA IN
THE PHILIPPINES
A system of division of functions and duties appeared to have
evolved in the stratification of classes marked by a hierarchy of status:
The dato was chosen not only by virtue of
THE NOBILITY, WHERE THE DATO AND
blood or inheritance, but also by merit, or
LEADERS COME FROM, CONSISTED
in terms of courage, leadership, and
OF MEN
heroism in tribal battles with other
OF WEALTH, PRESTIGE, AND POWER
communities.

Enjoyed the rights and privileges of social

mobility, comprised the largest sector in
A CLASS OF FREEMEN the communities and assumed the roles of
warriors, artisans, artists, and other special
professions.

performed forced labor and were

considered properties that could be sold or
THE SERFS AND SLAVES,
exchanged. These were usually captives in
tribal wars or those born into slave families
DATUS/DATO
As village head, the dato was the:
 acknowledged paternal and political leader,
 who exercised almost unlimited power and
 dispensed and supervised the administration of justice, the use of
communal lands, the delivery of basic services, the arbitration of
conflicts, and collected tributes.
 The defense of the settlement against territorial encroachments by
other communities and other conflicts was also a major function
 Supported by a council of elders, a legal system embodied laws
that defined aspects of private and public ownership of property,
inheritance, marriage, rights and obligations, and many
components of individual and institutional behavior
ASSIMILATION OF PRE-COLONIAL TRADITIONS
TO MODERN PH PUBLIC AD

1. The strong kinship and patrimonial systems that were shaped in

the pre-colonial times:
• The strong familial tradition of closely knit relationships and
kinship that tend to provide undue and sometimes illegal favor
for relatives.
• Appointments of relatives to executive and bureaucratic
positions by powerful family members.
• Political dynasties in various provinces and cities

2. The spirit of the dato leadership where the barangay captains

serve as the galvanizing spirit of community activities, and are often
at the forefront of settling conflicts, negotiations and arbitration,
peace and order, and other duties that are not performed by the
nearby local government.
PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
DURING THE SPANISH
COLONIAL REGIME
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
• The Spanish conquest of the Philippines began
in 1521 with the coming of Ferdinand Magellan.
• The Spanish conquest “was swift and relatively
bloodless, but the Muslims in Mindanao resisted
colonization”
• The Spanish conquest of the Philippines was
founded for two basic interrelated reasons:
1. A religious crusade to propagate Christianity
2. Opportunity to seek wealth that would
support the Spanish Crown.
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
• Spain established a centralized authority and
absorbed the barangays, except those in the
predominantly Muslim areas in the South.
• The datos or the village chieftains were
subsequently appointed as heads of towns or
pueblos, and called the gobernadorcillos, the
highest position given to the natives in the
early stages of Spain’s colonial rule.
• Spain also instituted the union of church and
state and with the friars exercising far-reaching
powers in the affairs of the state.
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
• The powerful church also acquired properties in the
form of vast land holdings in many parts of the islands
• At the same time, the administrative system was also
built on the framework of serving private interests
with the “practical objective of increasing the royal
estate through tributes, monopolies, fees and fines”
• Spain also adopted a policy of appointments to public
offices in the country based on grants or favor, called
merced, from the king.
POLICY APPOINTMENTS DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
1. Enhancing this was the policy of dividing the native
populations into communities, called encomiendas,
under the control of a recipient, called encomendero,
who was vested with the right to collect tributes from
the people belonging to these communities.
• The encominedas or haciendas were distributed or
granted to those in recognition of their dutiful
service to the Spanish Crown.
2. sale of public offices which resulted in a corrupt
bureaucracy based on patronage instead of merit.
• clerkships, notarial offices, the offices of constables,
sheriff s and wardens, treasurers,assayers, and
inspectors, among other.
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
• Institutionalized corruption often went unchecked
despite the feeble efforts of the Spanish colonial
administration using mechanisms such as investigative
authorities.
• Institutionalized corruption flourished and created not
only instability, but also growing resentment among the
populace, the natives or the indios, who were at the
receiving end of bureaucratic misfeasance.
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
• The administrative system that these practices
spawned brought about two remarkable attitudes
among the bureaucrats.
• These involved outright indifference and a lack of
commitment to public office, while keeping the
appearance of obedience to established and formal
political and administrative policies and rules.
• The practice continues today with both politicians and
bureaucrats proclaiming support or advocacy for one
thing, only to do another.
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
Two outstanding philosophies or principles guided bureaucratic conduct
during that periodand are succinctly expressed in the Spanish phrases:

no se haga novedad
“do not commit or introduce any innovations on royal prescriptions,”

-and-

obedezco pero no cumplo

“I obey but do not enforce or comply”
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME
• It was thus understandable that these, aside from other
abusive and exploitative practices committed by
Spanish civilian and military officials, and abetted or
aggravated by the friars, would result in instability and
alienation among the native populace, which brought
about countless numbers of Filipino revolts during
more than three centuries of Spanish misrule.
SHORT-LIVED
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC:
BEGINNINGS
OF A PROFESSIONAL
CIVIL SERVICE
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
SHORT-LIVED PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC:
BEGINNINGS
OF A PROFESSIONAL CIVIL SERVICE
• The Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines formally ended in 1898
when General Emilio Aguinaldo, proclaimed Philippine
Independence on June 12, 1898, at Kawit, in the province of Cavite.
• At this time, war broke out between Spain and the United
States. Admiral George Dewey of the United States and his fleet
appeared in Manila Bay to destroy the Spanish armada. Spain
surrendered Manila to the Americans, and in December of the same
year, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States by
virtue of the Treaty of Paris in December 1898.
SHORT-LIVED PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC:
BEGINNINGS
OF A PROFESSIONAL CIVIL SERVICE
• The Filipinos, believing that they had become independent,
assumed for the Philippines the status of a sovereign state.
• First Philippine Republic at Malolos, Bulacan
• The Malolos Constitution (Republican Constitution), was adopted
in January 1899 by delegates from Philippine provinces which was
excessively long consisting of 101 articles and provided
guarantees for civil liberties and rights, with three branches of
government, a strong legislature, and executive and judicial
departments.
SHORT-LIVED PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC:
BEGINNINGS
OF A PROFESSIONAL CIVIL SERVICE
The striking feature of this document, for public administration and for
executive institutions, is that it incorporated full blown provisions on the
“Administration of the State,”
Title 12
which defined procedures on the budget, payment from the
appropriation laws, disposal of property, and securing of loans;
Title 11
also provided for the organization and powers of provincial and
municipal assemblies, which in effect embodied a system of local
governments in the country.

It should be noted that even the American Constitution of 1787 did not
provide for provisions to govern administrative practice.
SHORT-LIVED PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC:
BEGINNINGS
OF A PROFESSIONAL CIVIL SERVICE
• The experience of bureaucratic rapacity and inefficiency committed
by unqualified civil servants during the Spanish regime impelled the
Filipinos to advocate for a civil service based on merit and
fitness that not only ensured appointments determined by open
competitive examinations, but also guaranteed security of tenure.
• Apolinario Mabini advocated in his draft constitution a provision
under Article 22 “that all the offices in the government that were
not elective were to be filled by competitive examinations, and
no holder of an office could be removed except for cause”
(Majul, 1998: 54).
• Mabini also carefully distinguished between appointive positions and
elective positions in government.
SHORT-LIVED PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC:
BEGINNINGS
OF A PROFESSIONAL CIVIL SERVICE
• All these point to the fact that the Filipinos already had a vision, if
not an insight, toward an administrative system.
• Unfortunately, the fledgling republic was frustrated under the Treaty
of Paris when Spain, in consideration of 20 million dollars, ceded
the Philippines to the United States.
• In February 1899, war broke out between the United States and the
Philippines, but quickly ended with the capture of Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo in March 1901.
• The resistance was effectively contained in 1902. In that same year,
the Philippine Commission, the assembly established to act as the
government of the Philippines under authority from the president of
the United States, certified to the existence of “general and
complete peace” (Corpuz, 1957: 159).
AMERICAN COLONIAL
REGIME AND THE
PHILIPPINE
COMMONWEALTH
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
AMERICAN COLONIAL REGIME AND THE
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

• The American takeover of the Philippines was

auspicious for the Philippines because the
Americans introduced a civil government that was in
marked contrast to that of Spain.
• The Americans established a political system in the
Philippines patterned after the republican and
democratic characteristics of the U.S. government.
• The Americans introduced an extensive public
educational system and even required the teaching
of English.
• But one of the most important contrasts was the
separation of church and state.
AMERICAN COLONIAL REGIME AND THE
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

• It was also during this period that public administration was

professionalized.
• United States had just undergone a critical period of civil service
reform after decades of dominance of patronage and spoils in its
own bureaucracy.
• The spoils system was legitimized as a government policy
during the presidency of Andrew Jackson in 1829, who sought
to democratize positions in bureaucracy as part of what is now
known as “Jacksonian democracy”
AMERICAN COLONIAL REGIME AND THE
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

• The American colonial regime thus introduced a civil service system

based on merit and fitness in the Philippines, characterized by
professionalism and careerism, ensured security of tenure, and with
appointments determined by open competitive examinations.
• Another important feature of the system was the adoption of
political neutrality for career members of the civil service, which
secured them against involvement in partisan politics.
AMERICAN COLONIAL REGIME AND THE
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

• The law that established the civil service in the Philippines was one
of the early pieces of legislation enacted by the Philippine
Commission.
• Passed on September 19, 1900, Act No. 5 also known as the
PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE ACT, with the formal title of “An Act
for the Establishment and Maintenance of an Efficient and
Honest Civil Service in the Philippines,”
• It set the tone for the establishment of a professional bureaucracy
in the Philippines based on merit and fitness.
AMERICAN COLONIAL REGIME AND THE
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

• Another significant feature of the administrative system

established by the American colonial regime was that it was
open and made available to Filipinos.
• Unlike the Spanish system, which restricted Filipinos to almost
inconsequential positions, the administrative system
established by the Americans fostered broader Filipino
participation in the civil service even if executive and policy-
determining posts remained in the hands of the Americans.
AMERICAN COLONIAL REGIME AND THE
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

• The establishment of the commonwealth was provided under the

Tydings-McDuffie law, which stipulated that independence will be
granted to the Philippines after a transition period of 10 years
during which the Filipinos will exercise self-rule.
• In 1934, a Constitutional Convention was convened that
subsequently promulgated the 1935 constitution.
• Under this charter, a full-blown article on the civil service, Article XI,
again provided and restated the policy on merit and fitness in
appointments to be determined by competitive examinations and
insulated from partisan political activities.
• Commonwealth Act 177, which elevated the status of the then
Bureau of the Civil Service from a second-class bureau to a first-
class agency to be headed by a commissioner with the rank of
undersecretary.
JAPANESE
INTERREGNUM,
1942–1945
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
JAPANESE INTERREGNUM,
1942–1945
• Unfortunately, World War II intervened and the
Philippines was swept into the war in the Pacific with
the Japanese army invading the country in 1942. As a
result, the commonwealth government and its leaders
were forced into exile.
• On gaining control of the islands, the Japanese
Imperial government established a puppet government
and conscripted political leaders and bureaucrats alike
who stayed in the country to render service to the new
Japanese-sponsored government.
JAPANESE INTERREGNUM,
1942–1945
• For these civil servants and for the rest of the
populace, the government and its administrative
machinery “was the instrument of a hated
regime,” and acts of sabotage to undermine
the Japanese sponsored republic were
regarded as a patriotic act (Corpuz, 1957:
220). .
JAPANESE INTERREGNUM,
1942–1945
• The war years exacted severe repercussions on
the country’s institutions and left the country in
ruins.
• Manila emerged as the most devastated capital
city in the world, next to Warsaw in Poland,
according to the assessment of Senator Millard
Tydings of the U.S. Congress.
• By the end of the war, as discussed earlier, the
Philippines was a ravaged nation, and the
people experienced widespread poverty.
JAPANESE INTERREGNUM,
1942–1945
• The end of the war brought about unemployment, food
shortages, inflation, and internal conflict and strife, as
the country was enmeshed in a campaign to seek out
and punish collaborators and supporters of the hated
Japanese-sponsored government.
• Unrest in the countryside grew, especially in the
Northern provinces, as a growing Communist
movement, remnants of the resistance to the Japanese,
began to gather strength, taking advantage of the
confusion and upheaval besetting Philippine society.
JAPANESE INTERREGNUM,
1942–1945
• The bureaucracy, like the society that enveloped it, was
severely traumatized by the war, and the work ethic that
was supposed to have been implanted during the
American regime was soon eroded.
• While the American regime promoted and instilled
professionalism, responsibility, and commitment to public
service in the bureaucracy, the war truncated the full
flowering and internalization of these values.
JAPANESE INTERREGNUM,
1942–1945
• It seemed that the habits and practices of negative
bureaucratic behavior that were shaped during the
Japanese interregnum continued and rendered an
administrative system.
• Following the war, faced with low income that did not
measure up to living standards, it was not difficult for civil
servants to commit misfeasance and other corrupt acts.
• It was therefore understandable that civil servants would
be prone to follow the example of their leaders, who
would on occasions, enlist or involve the bureaucracy in
the commission of corrupt dealings.
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE INSTITUTE OF
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

• When the Philippines was granted independence by the

United States on July 4, 1946, the economy was in
shambles, political and social institutions were
traumatized, society was in disarray, and unrest and
upheaval loomed in the offing as rebel and Communist
groups began to rearm in the countryside.
• A new generation of civil servants, most of whom were
exposed to inhospitable and cruel living conditions, took
over and abandoned the values that had been
implanted during the American colonial era which
introduced inefficiency and saw the opportunity to put
their constituents in government posts by way of
circumventing civil service rules and regulations.
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The agenda of reconstruction and rehabilitation became the foremost

concern for both the Philippines and the United States.
A United States Economic Survey Mission, headed by Daniel Bell, was
promptly dispatched to the Philippines. The recommendations read as
follows:
1. Public Administration must be improved and reorganized so as to
insure honesty and efficiency in the Government;
2. Civil service must be placed on a merit basis and civil service
salaries raised to provide a decent standard of living;
3. Philippine Government must remove barriers to the employment of
foreign technicians and take steps to improve training facilities for
technicians in the Philippines;
4. Request of the Philippine Government, the United States send a
Technical Mission to assist the Philippine Government in carrying
out its agricultural and industrial development, fiscal controls, public
administration, and labor and social welfare programs.
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

In 1952, as part of the proposals of the Bell Report

1. INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (IPA), based at the
University of the Philippines, was established to administer a
training program that would professionalize the Philippine civil
service and restore its competence and confidence.
2. Establishment of a Public Administration library
3. In-service training program for government workers; and
4. An academic program designed to offer undergraduate and
graduate degree programs in Public Administration.
5. A program for the conduct of research and publication was also
established
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD AND THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
These interventions contributed considerably to the reconstruction of
Philippine society:
• The 1935 Charter was restored as the fundamental law of the country.
• The economy recovered and political and social institutions were re-
established.
• The presidential system of government was retained
• Bicameral Congress was reconvened
• The judicial system resumed its functions of adjudication and
dispensing justice.
• Elections were held
• The Philippines was restored to a vibrant democracy under a two-party
system, where civil liberties and basic freedom were upheld.
• The Communist rebellion (HUKBALAHAP) was contained so as not to
threaten the stability of society.
SPOILS AND PATRONAGE IN CIVIL
SERVICE
• But the evils and venalities of spoils and patronage continued to
plague the civil service: 50-50 AGREEMENT
• Merit and fitness continue to be the established norms in the
recruitment, selection, and appointment processes in the
bureaucracy.
• Nonetheless, these principles were compromised when politicians
intervened, and they do intervene whenever constituents, qualifi ed
or not, approach them.
MILIEU AND CONTEXT OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
In order to provide a better appreciation of the development of
bureaucracy as an institution in the country, the milieu and context
by which this development shaped will be presented.
A combination of the legacies of the Spanish era and that of the
American regime adapted to Filipino culture and temperament
evolved.
 MARCOS’ ADMINISTRATION
Elected in 1965 as president and re-elected in 1969, Marcos was barred
under the 1935 constitution from seeking a third term --- Solution for re-
election: MARTIAL LAW.
1. Marcos at once directed the reorganization of the bureaucracy under
the Integrated Reorganization Plan
2. Career Executive Service was organized
3. New civil service law was codified.
4. Protégées and accomplices of the regime soon replaced those
dismissed by summarily dismissing a number of civil servants which
compromised security of tenure.
Marcos ruled for another 14 years until 1986 when he agreed to call a
“snap election” in 1985 to prove that he still enjoyed the confidence of the
people. Marcos was challenged by Corazon Aquino, the widow of his arch
enemy, Senator Benigno Aquino, who was assassinated three years earlier
on his return to the country from exile in the United States. As in previous
elections, charges of cheating and manipulation of election results were
made against Marcos, which eventually led to his ouster in the celebrated
and bloodless people power revolution.
 AQUINO’S ADMINISTRATION
• Democracy was restored with a new constitution promulgated and
ratified in 1987. Under this constitution, the independence of the
Philippine civil service based on merit and fitness was restored and
upheld.
• Promptly directed and implemented a reorganization of the bureaucracy,
as part of the efforts to “de-Marcosify” the government, and to remove
all vestiges of the Marcos’ regime.
• Presidential Commission on Reorganization (PCGR) was established
and, accordingly, submitted a report in June 1986 seeking among others,
the streamlining of 3000 offices attached to the Office of the President,
• Privatization of 87 government-owned and controlled corporations,
and the abolition of 38 non-financial corporations (Carlos, 2004).
• Adopted an administrative code that spelled out the structure and
functions of various government agencies.
• Approved the enactment of a law that would serve as the code of
conduct and ethical standards for public officials and employees.
• Decentralize the government and put into law a Local Government Code
in 1991, a year before Aquino relinquished office.
 RAMOS/ESTRADA/ARROYO
• Reorganize the bureaucracy, which in effect sought to enhance civil
service performance, contain corruption, and introduce reforms to
enhance efficiency.
• Arroyo’s government also sought to introduce measures to rationalize
the bureaucracy, but in itself, got embroiled in charges of massive and
wide-scale corruption.
ADMINISTRATIVE
VALUES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
ADMINISTRATIVE VALUES IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Three (3) major influences of the Administrative Values in the
Philippines:
1. IMPACT OF THE LARGER SOCIETAL CULTURE WHERE
BUREAUCRACY MUST OPERATE.
• amor propio (self-respect), delicadeza (propriety), hiya (shame),
utang na loob (debt of gratitude), and pakikisama (friendship or
familial ties) reflect on bureaucratic behavior and the exercise of
official functions.
• Superimposed on these values are such accepted norms of
behavior as social acceptance, the respect for authority/elders, and
the influence of religion.
ADMINISTRATIVE VALUES IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Three (3) major influences of the Administrative Values in the
Philippines:
2. THE FORMALITIES DICTATED UNDER THE NORMS OF
WEBERIAN BUREAUCRACY REMAIN EQUALLY STRONG IN
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY.
• Merit and fitness, competence, and qualifications persist as
standards in recruitment and appointments even if disrupted at
times by patronage and spoils.
• The system of rules and procedures likewise are generally
observed, but can be set aside either because of the intervention of
a politician or because of the demands and pressures of cultural
values and ties.
ADMINISTRATIVE VALUES IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Three (3) major influences of the Administrative Values in the
Philippines:
2. THE FORMALITIES DICTATED UNDER THE NORMS OF
WEBERIAN THE INFL UENCES OF THE COLONIAL PERIODS
CONTINUE TO INFLUENCE ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR.
• (+) The American values of merit and fitness and competitive
examinations continue to hold sway and enjoy acceptance in the
bureaucracy.
• (-) Refusal to initiate innovations (no se haga novedad) or weak or
indecisive compliance of rules (obedezco pero no cumplo) continue
to impair Philippine bureaucracy.
REFLECTIONS ON THE
ORIGIN OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION AS A
STUDY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER 3:
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
REFL ECTIONS ON THE ORIGIN OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION AS A STUDY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• The discipline or the field of study was introduced in 1952 by
American scholars as part of American rehabilitation efforts of the
country following its devastation from World War II.
• First school of Public Administration in the country, and perhaps in
Asia, the INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in the
University of the Philippines.
• Philippine PA did not have a politics and administration dichotomy
tradition, as its American counterpart. Rather, it came to the
country as “an assembled product”
• Public administration study in the country has been based on the
influences of knowledge, techniques, and methods adopted from
such other older disciplines as Political Science, Law, Economics,
Sociology, and History among others.