DLD Lecture 3

“Digital Logic Design”
Lecture # 3
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time
(tr), fall time(tf), amplitude, pulse width and other
characteristics.
Causes of overshooting, undershooting, ringing and droop

Pulse Definitions
What is an periodic and non-periodic pulse waveforms?
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that

repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is
the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f
The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a
periodic wave.
Another important characteristic of digital waveform is Duty
Cycle, it is the ratio of pulse width (tw) to the period (T).
Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle.
Volts
Pulse
width
Amplitude (A)
(tW)
Time
Period, T
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Digital wavefoms
• The Clock: all waveforms are synchronized with a basic

timing waveform called clock. The clock is a periodic
waveform in which each interval between pulses (the
period) equals the time for one bit.
Timing Diagrams
• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms
Clock
• A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t 4 t 5 t6 t7
Computer Modem
1
Computer Printer
0
0
t0 t1
Basic Logic Functions
• Who used and created these symbols?
True only if all input

conditions are true.
True only if one or more

input conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite

condition.
Basic System Functions
• And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

various logic functions. A few examples are:
Comparator
A> B
A
 The comparison function Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B
Adder
 Basic arithmetic functions A

Σ Sum
Two
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
The encoding function 4
3
storage and/or
computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
The decoding function Decoder
Binary input
7-segment display
The data selection function

TDM VS FDM
Data storage functions
Usage: to retain binary data for a period of time
•Example of storage devices:
–Flip-flops, registers, semiconductor memories, magnetic disks,
magnetic tape, and optical disks (CDs)
•Flip-flops –a bistable logic circuit that can store only one bit at a
time, either 1 or 0
•Registers
–a combination of several flip-flops forms registers, 8-bit register
is constructed from eight flip-flops
–Shift registers are registers used to shift the bits from one
position to another within the register or out of the register to
another circuit
•Semiconductor memories –used for storing large numbers of bits.
E.g.: ROM (permanently or semi permanently stored), RAM
(temporarily stored)
•Magnetic memories –used for mass storage of binary data. E.g.:
floppy disk Difference b/w SRAM & DRAM?
Data storage functions
One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves

and stores data each time it is clocked
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Complexity classification in Fixed-Function ICs
• Pins Numbering–Pin 1 always marked by an identifier like small

dot, a notch, or beveled edge
• Complexity Classification for Fixed-Function Ics

– SSI (Small-scale integration) –10 gates
– MSI (Medium-scale integration) –10—100 gates
– LSI (Large-scale integration) –100—10,000 gates
– VLSI (Very large-scale integration) –10,000—100,000 gates
– ULSI (Ultra large-scale integration) -->100,000 gates
•Integrated Circuits Technology–You will come across MOSFETs,
CMOS, TTL etc. in this topic
Different Number Systems
Base Name Usage

2 Binary Digital computing
3 Ternary Integer base
4 Quaternary Data transmission
5 Quinary Languages; common count grouping e.g. tally marks
6 Senary Proto-Uralic language
8 Octal compact notation for binary numbers
10 Decimal Most widely used by modern civilizations

11 Undecimal duodecimal and those who were content with decimal

gross counting; hours and months timekeeping; years of
12 Duodecimal
Chinese zodiac foot and inch
13 Tridecimal Conway base 13 function
Programming for the HP/B calculator and image

14 Tetradecimal
processing applications
Pentadecima
15 Telephony routing over IP
l
16 Hexadecimal Base16 encoding; compact notation for binary data
20 Vigesimal Santali and Ainu languages

• There are many more numeral systems

• Standard positional numeral systems
• Non-standard positional numeral systems
• Bijective numeration
• Signed-digit representation
• Negative bases
• Complex bases
• Non-integer bases
• Non-positional notation
• And Many more ……
Different Number System
There are four systems of arithmetic which are often

used in digital electronics.
• Decimal Number System

• Binary Number System
• Octal Number System
• Hexa Decimal System
Why Use Different One?
• The conventional numbering system uses ten

digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
• The binary numbering system uses just two
digits: 0 and 1.
• Computers work only on two states
 On
 Off
• Basic memory elements hold only two states
 Zero / One
• A binary digit – bit !
Common Number System
Used by
System Base Symbols humans?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes
Binary 2 0, 1 No
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No
decimal A, B, … F
Four Types of Number Systems
Use LCM or Division

Octal
Decimal Binary
Multiplication, Addition with

Base Power
Hexadecimal
Examples
Decimal Number System
• Ten unique numbers 0,1..9

• Combination of digits
• Positional Number System
• 275 = 2 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
– Base or Radix 10
– Weight 1, 10, 100, 1000 ….
Representing Fractions
• Fractions can be represented in decimal

number system in a manner of natural number
• = 382.91
= 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 9 x 10-1+ 1 x
10-2
= 300 + 80 + 2 + 0.9 + 0.01
= (382.91)10
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“Digital Logic Design”

Causes of overshooting, undershooting, ringing and droop

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

• The Clock: all waveforms are synchronized with a basic

• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

• A diagram like this can be observed

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

• Who used and created these symbols?

True only if all input

True only if one or more

Indicates the opposite

• And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

 Basic arithmetic functions A

The decoding function Decoder

The data selection function

One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves

• Pins Numbering–Pin 1 always marked by an identifier like small

• Complexity Classification for Fixed-Function Ics

Base Name Usage

3 Ternary Integer base

4 Quaternary Data transmission

5 Quinary Languages; common count grouping e.g. tally marks

6 Senary Proto-Uralic language

8 Octal compact notation for binary numbers

10 Decimal Most widely used by modern civilizations

11 Undecimal duodecimal and those who were content with decimal

13 Tridecimal Conway base 13 function

Programming for the HP/B calculator and image

16 Hexadecimal Base16 encoding; compact notation for binary data

20 Vigesimal Santali and Ainu languages

• There are many more numeral systems

There are four systems of arithmetic which are often

• Decimal Number System

• The conventional numbering system uses ten

Use LCM or Division

Multiplication, Addition with

• Ten unique numbers 0,1..9

• Fractions can be represented in decimal

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