Introduction C

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
Importance and Features of C
• ‘C is the base language of any
other programming language.
• To be a Good Programmer one must
know fundamentals of Cprogramming
language.
• Structure Programming
• Ability to Extend - own library
functions can be created.
• Programs are Efficient and Fast
• Highly Portable
• It is a robust language
History of ‘C’
• Root of the morden language is ALGOL 1960. It’s first
computer language to use a block structure.
• It gave concept of structured programming.
• In 1967, Martin Richards developed
a language, BCPL (Basic Combined
Programming Language)
• In 1970,by Ken Thompson created a language
called as ‘B’. It used to create early version of Unix.
• In 1972,by Dennis Ritchie introduced new
language called as ‘C’ .
1972 Traditional C Dennis Ritchie
1978 K&R C Kernighan &Ritchie
1989 ANSI C ANSI Committee
1990 ANSI/ISO C ISO Committee

ALGOL
1960 International Group
BCPL
1967 Martin Richards
1970 B Ken THompson
1972 Tradition
Debbis Ritchie
al C
1978 K&R C Kernighan and Ritchie
1989 ANSI C ANSI Committee
ANSI&ISO
1990 C ISO Committee
1999 C99 Standardization Committee

Program & Programming
Language
Program:- A Set of instructions which
When carried out by processor for some
Specific input, generates specific output.
Programming language:- A specific

manner of writing a program with some
Predefined rules, symbols & their use as
a part of language.
i.e. Pascal, C, C++, VC++, JAVA, VB.
Basic structure of ‘C’
1) Documentation Section :-
It has set of comment lines(name of program,
author details).
What is Comment line??
 To guide a programmer. To write a note for
function,operation,logic in between a program.
 Non-executable statement.
 Can’t be nested.
e.g:- /* Hello /* abc */ Hi */
ERROR.
2)Link Section :-
It provides instructions to the compiler to link
function from the system library.
# include Directive:-
 To access the functions which are stored in the
library, it is necessary to tell the compiler ,
about the file to be accessed.
Syntax:-
#include<stdio.h>
 stdio.h is header file.
It defines all symbolic constants.
#define instuction defines value to a symbolic
constant.
#define:-
It is a preprocessor compiler directive, not a
statement.
Therefore it should not end with a semicolon.
Generally written in uppercase.
Some variables that are used in more than on
function, such variables (global variables)
declared in the global declaration section.
It also declares all the user-defined function.

Every ‘C’ program must have one main() function
section.
It contains two parts
1) Declaration part:
It declares all variables used in the executable
part.
2) Executable part:
It has atleast one statement.
Link Section
Definition Section
Global Declaration Section
main() function section
{
Declaration part
Executable part
}
Subprogram section
Function1
Function2 … user defined function
Compiler
Why compiler is require ?
As machine (a processor) can operate
On binary code instruction only…..
If we use higher level language then …
For execution of the program we must
Convert it to lower level / machine level
Code.
Means,
A program that translates source code into
object code.
The compiler derives its name from the way it
works, looking at the entire piece of source
code and collecting and reorganizing the
instructions.
Interpreter:
which analyzes and executes each line of
source code without looking at the entire
program.
Advantage of interpreter:
It can execute a program immediately.
Compilers require some time before an
executable program emerges.
But,
However, programs produced by compilers run
much faster than the same programs executed
by an interpreter.
C Compiler
- checks for syntax errors if any

- on success coverts ‘C source code
into object code form –
which is nearer to machine…
Linker:
A linker is a program that combines object
modules to form an executable program.
Types of languages
(I) Lower level languages:-
Languages which are very near to
machine…. I.e. machine language,
Assembly language.
(II) Higher level languages:-

Languages which are very near to
programmer rather than to machine….
I.e. C++,Visual C++,Visual basic,Java.
BlockDiagram:
Represents only
-> what should be the input?
-> what will be the output?
- One need not to worry about how
the result generated….
- or what will be the logic for the
program?
Block Diagram for making addition
of two numbers :
Input Output
No1. &
PROGRAM No1 + No2
No2.
Algorithm
Specifies steps of doing the things
Irrespective of any programming language
Example: Addition of two numbers
Step 1: [Read two numbers]

Read(no1)
Read(no2)
Step 2:[add two numbers into sum]
summation = no1 + no2
Step 3:[Display the result]
write (summation)
Flowchart
Represents the flow of program
Symbols:-
Start-Begin/End
Input/Output Rectangle
Process box/operation box
Decision Box
Connector
Flowchart-example
Example: To add two numbers and display the
result.
Start
Read No1 and No2 from user
SUMMATION = NO1 + NO2
Write Summation on monitor
End
Files:- storage of logically related data
Directory:- Placeholder which can store files

and subdirectories within them.
File Extension:- special postfix attached to

each file which indicates type
of the file.
/* print hello*/
#include<stdio.h> /* link section*/

void main() /* execution of program*/
{
print(“hello world”); /*executable
statement*/
}
I.e. “hello.c”, here “hello” is
filename and “c” is file
extension which indicates that
hello is a ‘c program.

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UNIT I

1978 K&R C Kernighan &Ritchie

1989 ANSI C ANSI Committee

1990 ANSI/ISO C ISO Committee

1970 B Ken THompson

1978 K&R C Kernighan and Ritchie

1989 ANSI C ANSI Committee

1999 C99 Standardization Committee

Programming language:- A specific

It also declares all the user-defined function.

- checks for syntax errors if any

(II) Higher level languages:-

Step 1: [Read two numbers]

Process box/operation box

Read No1 and No2 from user

SUMMATION = NO1 + NO2

Write Summation on monitor

Directory:- Placeholder which can store files

File Extension:- special postfix attached to

#include<stdio.h> /* link section*/

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