DRILLING RIG

A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes (usually called boreholes)

and/or shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing
equipment used to drill. water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells,
or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person. They
sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater
physical properties, and also can be used to install sub-surface
fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells.
Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers,
or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms,
commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a drilling rig).
The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is
used to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.
 1. Mud tank
 2. Shale shakers
 3. Suction line (mud pump)
 4. Mud pump
 5. Motor or power source
 6. Vibrating hose
 7. Draw-works (winch)
 8. Standpipe
 9. Kelly hose
 10. Goose-neck
 11. Traveling block
 12. Drill line
 13. Crown block
 14. Derrick
 15. Monkey board

 16. Stand (of drill pipe)

 17. Pipe rack (floor)

 18. Swivel (On newer rigs this

may be replaced by a top drive)

 19. Kelly drive

 20. Rotary table

 21. Drill floor

 22. Bell nipple

 23. Blowout preventer

(BOP) Annular

 24. Blowout preventers

(BOPs) pipe ram & shear ram

 25. Drill string

 26. Drill bit

 27. Casing head

 28. Flow line

 EXPLANATION
 Bell nipple (#22) is a section of large diameter pipe fitted to the top
of the blowout preventers that the flow line attaches to via a side
outlet, to allow the drilling mud to flow back to the mud tanks.

 Blowout preventers (BOPs) (#23 and #24) are devices installed at the
wellhead to prevent fluids and gases from unintentionally escaping
from the wellbore. #23 is the annular (often referred to as Hydril
named after a manufacturer), and #24 is the pipe rams and blind
rams.

 Casing head (#27) is a large metal flange welded or screwed onto the
top of the conductor pipe (also known as drive-pipe) or the casing
and is used to bolt the surface equipment such as the blowout
preventers (for well drilling) or the Christmas tree (oil well) (for well
production).

 Centrifuge (not pictured) is an industrial version of the device that

separates fine silt and sand from the drilling fluid. It is typically
mounted on top or just off of the mud tanks.
 EXPLANATION CONTD
 Crown block (#13) is the stationary end of the block and tackle.

 Degasser (not pictured) is a device that separates air and/or gas from
the drilling fluid. It is typically mounted on top of the mud tanks.

 Derrick (#14) is the support structure for the equipment used to lower
and raise the drill string into and out of the wellbore.

 Desander / desilter (not pictured) contains a set of hydrocyclones that

separate sand and silt from the drilling fluid. Typically mounted on
top of the mud tanks.

 Draw-works (#7) is the mechanical section that contains the spool,

whose main function is to reel in/out the drill line to raise/lower the
traveling block.

 Drill Bit (#26) is a device attached to the end of the drill string that
breaks apart the rock being drilled. It contains jets through which the
drilling fluid exits.

 Drill floor (#21) is the area on the rig where the tools are located to
make the connections of the drill pipe, bottom hole assembly, tools
and bit. It is considered the main area where work is performed.
 EXPLANATION CONTD
 Drill line (#12) is thick, stranded metal cable threaded
through the two blocks (traveling and crown) to raise and
lower the drill string.
 Drill pipe (#16) is a joint of hollow tubing used to connect the
surface equipment to the bottom hole assembly (BHA) and
acts as a conduit for the drilling fluid. In the diagram, these
are stands of drill pipe which are 2 or 3 joints of drill pipe
connected together and stood in the derrick vertically, usually
to save time while tripping pipe.
 Drill string (#25) is an assembled collection of drill pipe,
heavy weight drill pipe, drill collars and any of a whole
assortment of tools, connected together and run into the
wellbore to facilitate the drilling of a well. The collection is
referred to singularly as the drill string.
Elevators (not pictured) are hinged devices that is used to latch to the
drill pipe or casing to facilitate the lowering or lifting (of pipe or casing)
into or out of the wellbore
 EXPLANATION CONTD
 Flow line (#28) is large diameter pipe that is attached to the bell nipple and extends to
the shale shakers to facilitate the flow of drilling fluid back to the mud tanks.
 Goose-neck (#10) is a thick metal elbow connected to the swivel and standpipe that
supports the weight of and provides a downward angle for the Kelly hose to hang from.
 Kelly drive (#19) is a square, hexagonal or octagonal shaped tubing that is inserted
through and is an integral part of the rotary table that moves freely vertically while the
rotary table turns it.
 Kelly hose (#9) is a flexible, high pressure hose that connects the standpipe to the Kelly
(or more specifically to the gooseneck on the swivel above the kelly) and allows free
vertical movement of the Kelly, while facilitating the flow of the drilling fluid through
the system and down the drill string.
 Monkey board (#15) is the structure used to support the top end of the stands of drill
pipe vertically situated in the derrick.
 Mud motor (not pictured) is a hydraulically powered device positioned just above the
drill bit used to spin the bit independently from the rest of the drill string.
 Mud pump (#4) is a reciprocal type of pump used to circulate drilling fluid through the
system.
 EXPLANATION CONTD
 Mud tank (#1) is often called mud pits and stores drilling fluid until it is
required down the wellbore.
 Pipe rack (#17) is a part of the drill floor (#21) where the stands of drill pipe
are stood upright. It is typically made of a metal frame structure with large
wooden beams situated within it. The wood helps to protect the end of the
drill pipe.
 Rotary table (#20) rotates, along with its constituent parts, the Kelly and
Kelly bushing, the drill string and the attached tools and bit.
 Shale shaker (#2) separates drill cuttings from the drilling fluid before it is
pumped back down the wellbore.
 Stand (#16) is a section of 2 or 3 joints of drill pipe connected together and
stood upright in the derrick. When they are pulled out of the hole, instead of
laying down each joint of drill pipe, 2 or 3 joints are left connected together
and stood in the derrick to save time.
 EXPLANATION CONTD
 Standpipe (#8) is a thick metal tubing, situated vertically along the
derrick, that facilitates the flow of drilling fluid and has attached to it
and supports one end of the Kelly hose.
 Suction line (#3) is an intake line for the mud pump to draw drilling
fluid from the mud tanks.
 Swivel (#18) is the top end of the Kelly that allows the rotation of the
drill string without twisting the block.
 Traveling block (#11) is the moving end of the block and tackle.
Together, they give a significant mechanical advantage for lifting.
 Vibrating hose (#6) is a flexible, high pressure hose (similar to the Kelly
hose) that connects the mud pump to the stand pipe. It is called the
vibrating hose because it tends to vibrate and shake (sometimes
violently) due to its close proximity to the mud pumps.
LIST OF COMPONENTS OF OIL DRILLING RIGS

Offshore drilling rigs have similar elements, but are configured

with a number of different drilling systems to suit drilling in the
marine environment.
The equipment associated with a rig is to some extent dependent
on the type of rig but typically includes at least some of the items
listed below

DRAW WORKS
 DRAW WORKS

A draw-works is the primary hoisting machinery

that is a component of a rotary drilling rig. Its
main function is to provide a means of raising
and lowering the traveling blocks. The wire-
rope drilling line winds on the drawworks drum
and extends to the crown block and traveling
blocks, allowing the drill string to be moved up
and down as the drum turns. The segment of
drilling line from the draw-works to the crown
block is called the "fast line". The drilling line
then enters the sheaves of the crown block
and is makes several passes between the
crown block and traveling block pulleys for
mechanical advantage. The line then exits the
last sheave on the crown block and is fastened
to a derrick leg on the other side of the rig
floor. This section of drilling line is called
the "dead line".
A modern draw-works consists of five main parts: the drum, the motor(s), the
reduction gear, the brake, and the auxiliary brake. The motors can be AC or DC-
motors, or the draw-works may be connected directly to diesel engines using
metal chain-like belts. The number of gears could be one, two or three speed
combinations. The main brake, usually operated manually by a long handle,
may be friction band brake, a disc brake or a modified clutch. It serves as a
parking brake when no motion is desired. The auxiliary brake is connected to
the drum, and absorbs the energy released as heavy loads are lowered. This
brake may use eddy current rotors or water-turbine-like apparatus to convert to
heat the kinetic energy of a downward-moving load being stopped.

Power catheads (winches) located on each side provide the means of actuating
the tongs used to couple and uncouple threaded pipe members. Outboard
catheads can be used manually with ropes for various small hoisting jobs around
the rig.

The drawworks often has a pulley drive arrangement on the front side to provide
turning power to the rotary table, although on many rigs the rotary table is
independently powered
 ROTARY TABLE( DRILLING RIG)

A rotary table is a mechanical device on a drilling rig

that provides clockwise (as viewed from above) rotational
force to the drill string to facilitate the process of drilling
a borehole.
In the diagram, #20 (in blue) is the rotary table. The kelly
drive #19, is inserted through the center of the rotary table
and Kelly bushings, and has free vertical (up & down)
movement to allow downward force to be applied to the
drill string, while the rotary table rotates it. (Note: Force
is not actually applied from the top (as to push) but rather
the weight is at the bottom of the drill string like a
pendulum on a string.)
 SHALE SHAKER

Shale shakers are devices that

remove drill cuttings from the drilling
fluid that is used for boring holes into
the earth. Controlling the solids in
drilling fluid is an important
component of the cost of drilling, so
research into improved shaker design
is ongoing.
 SHALE SHAKER DESIGN

Shale shakers typically consist of large, flat

sheets of wire mesh screens or sieves of various
mesh sizes that shake or vibrate the drill cuttings,
commonly shale, across and off of the screens as
the drilling fluid (mud) flows through them and
back into the drilling fluid system. This separates
the solid drill cuttings from the fluid so that it
can be recirculated back down the wellbore. In
oilfield industry, linear motion shale shakers are
widely used.
 SHAKER SCREEN PANELS

Screen panels play a major role by removing

particles larger than the mesh size. Screen
selection is critical since shaking is the primary
stage in the removal of solids. Improper screen
selection can lead to de-blinding[clarification needed],
loss of drilling fluids, premature pump part
failures, overloading of other solids removal
equipment within the mud systems, decreased
service life , reduced flow rate capacity, and
serious problems in the wellbore.

Shaker Screen Panel

 CAUSES OF SCREEN FAILURE

The top 10 causes of premature screen failure are:[citation needed]

 Personnel improperly trained on handling, storage, maintenance and installation

of deck rubbers and screens

 Careless storage of screen panels prior to use

 Screens damaged before use from improper handling during installation

 Deck rubbers improperly installed

 Deck rubbers dirty, worn or missing

 Dried cuttings or drilling fluid left on screen during shutdown of shaker

 Personnel walking on screens or using the shaker as a work table

 Tools being dropped on screens

 Extremely high mud weights or heavy solids loading

 Defective or improperly manufactured screens

 Use of high pressure wash guns to clean plugged screens

 MUD TANKS
A mud tank is an open-top
container, typically made of steel, to
store drilling fluid on a drilling rig.
They are also called mud pits,
because they used to be nothing
more than pits dug out of the earth.
The tanks are generally open-top
and have walkways on top to allow a
worker to traverse and inspect the
level of fluid in the tanks. The
walkways also allow access to other
equipment mounted on top.
Recently, offshore drilling rigs have
closed-in tanks for safety.
 MUD TANKS CONTD.

A drilling rig normally has two tanks. A

tank is sectioned off into compartments.
A compartment may include a settling
tank, sometimes called a sand trap, to
allow sand and other solids in the drilling
fluid to precipitate before it flows into
the next compartment. Other
compartments may have agitators, which
are large fan blades stirring the fluid to
prevent its contents from precipitating
 MUD TANKS CONTD.

Mud tanks are the base of solids control

equipment. Mud tanks for solids control
systems are divided into Square tanks and
Cone-shaped tanks according to the shape
of the tank bottom. The body of the tank is
made by welding the steel plate and
section, using the smooth cone-shape
structure or the corrugated structure. The
mud tank surface and passages are made
of slip resistant steel plate and expanded
steel plate.
 MUD TANKS CONTD

The mud tanks are made of the side

steel pipe, all of the structure can be
folded without barrier and pegged
reliably. The surface of the tank is
equipped with a water pipeline for
cleaning the surface and equipment
on the tank, it uses soaked zinc
processing for the expanded steel
plate. The ladder is made of channel
steel to take responsibility the body,
the foot board is made of expanded
steel plate. The two-sided guard rail
are installed the safe suspension hook.
The mud tank is designed the standard
shanty to prevent the sand and the
rain. The pipeline is installed in the tank
to preserve the warm air heat.