ALLELOPATHY

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. R. A. Patel Ashish Raja Jangid
Associate Research Scientist Reg. No. 2010119006
Directorate of Research M.Sc. (Agri)
AAU, Anand. Agronomy
 INTRODUCTIO
N
 Allelopathy: Allelopathy is derived from two greek words,
Alleon or Allele = mutual or each other,
Pathos=suffering or to suffer
 Allelopathy: The competitive interaction between crop species in inter cropping and
sequential cropping through the release of chemical substances or toxins is called
allelopathy.
 Hans molisch (1937): Australian plant physiologist Coined the term allelopathy first
time.
 Allelopathy is characteristic of certain plant, fungi, algae and bacteria.
 Allelopathy was first reported in alfalfa.

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HISTORY OF ALLELOPATHY

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 ALLELOCHEMICALS
 Allelochemicals : Chemical which are release from a species (donor spp) and cause interaction
on another species, plant or microorganism (recipient species). Allelo-chemical was first
reported in walnut. (Das,2008)
 Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites, which are not required for metabolism (i.e. growth,
development and reproduction) of the allelopathic organism
 Classification of allelochemical : According to whittaker and Fenny allelochemical put into
five major categories
1) Phenylpropanes
2) Acetogenins
3) Terpenoids
4) Steroids
5) Alkaloids
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 Cont…

Source of allelochemicals
1) Plant residues decomposition
2) Root exudation and decomposition
3) Leaves: leaf leachates, leaf litter
4) Volatilization (from leaves, flower, whole plant)
5) Seed leachates

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MODE OF ACTION OF ALLELOCHEMICAI

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 TYPES OF ALLELOPATHY
Allelopathy may be Alloallelopathy and Autoallelopathy, True and Functional allelopathy
and Direct and Residual allelopathy.
Alloallelopathy and Autoallelopathy
Alloallelopathy: Alloallelopathy is the inter-specific chemical co-action e.g., maize is
allelopathic to Chenopodium album
Autoallelopathy: autoallelopathy is the intra-specific chemical co-action e.g., wheat, alfalfa
and cowpea are autotoxic.

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 Cont…

 True and Functional allelopathy

 True allelopathy: The direct or indirect harmful effect of the chemical that are toxic in the forms
they are produce by the plant on other crops.
 Functional allelopathy: When precursor is released which is converted into active substances by
some microorganisms is categorized under functional allelopathy.
 Direct and Residual allelopathy
 Direct allelopathy: Instantaneous direct effect of released toxin from the living plant to another
growing in vicinity e.g., sorghum suppresses many weeds growing in vicinity.
 Residual allelopathy: Residual allelopathy is the effect obtained on the plants growing in
succession from the decaying residues, leaf, stem, root of the previous plants e.g., Lentil residues
is phytotoxic to wheat.

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 FORMS OF ALLELOPATHIC INTERACTIONS

 Crop against other crops:

e.g. Lentil residues is phytotoxic to wheat.

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 Cont…

 Crop against weeds:

Sorghum suppresses many weeds
growing in vicinity.

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 Cont…

 Weed against Crops:

Euphorbia spp. suppress the flax growth.

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 Cont…

Weed against other weeds:

Cassia sericea show allelopathic effect on parthenium.

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 Cont…

Crop against same crop:

E.g. Wheat, alfalfa and cowpea are autotoxic.

Weed against same weeds:

E.g. Trifolium repens

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 ALLELOPATHIC PROBLEM IN AGRICULTURE AND
HORTICULTURE

Prevent germination of succeeding crop e.g. sunflower.

Produce mineral deficiency. For example Agropyron repens increase N and K deficiency
in maize.

 It reduce seedling growth and yield.

 Auto toxicity under same crop monocropping, e.g. Lucerne.

 It inhibit radicle elongation.

 Reduced biological nitrogen fixation.

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 USE OF ALLELOPATHY IN AGRICULTURE

Allelopathic plant inhibit the germination of weed seed. For example sunflower inhibit
the germination of Convolvulus arvensis.

 Allelopathic plant is used for nematode control for example Rhodes grass usefull for
reinform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis).

Allelopathic plant is used for controlling soil borne disease for example soyabens is used
for potato scab.

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 CONSTRAINS IN ALLELOPATHY
RESEARCH
 Difficulty in allelochemical collection

 Poor knowledge of condition under which allelochemical are released

 The exact concentration under which allelochemicals are released

 Presence of autoallelopathy

 Lab to field gap

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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 TABLE 1 . EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT FROM SORGHUM STEM ON
THE GERMINATION OF MAIZE SEEDS.
Extracts (g/200ml) Maize seed germination (%) / Experimental Time (Hrs.)
24 48 72 96 120
5 0 30 60 6 -
- (0.44) (0.08) (0.04) -
10 0 16 68 14 -
- (0.70) (0.14) (0.12) -
15 0 10 68 18 -
- (0.81) (0.20) (0.04) -
20 0 8 66 16 10
- (0.85) (0.24) (0.10) -
25 0 6 56 16 22
- (0.89) (0.37) (0.22) -
Control 0 54 44 2 -

NIGERIA Kayode et. al. 2009

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 TABLE 2. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF
DATURA METEL L. ON THE EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH OF PARTHENIUM
HYSTEROPHORUS L. IN LABORATORY BIOASSAYS.

Root length Shoot length Plant fresh wt. (mg)

Treatments (mm) (mm)
C= Control,
C 20.54 12.84 6.98 T1= 25%,
T1 5.49 3.26 1.42
T2 =50%,
T3= 75%
T2 0 0 0
aqueous leaf
T3 0 0 0 extracts
SEd 0.11 0.06 0.02 concentrations
CD (P=0.05) 0.23 0.15 0.06

Tamil Nadu 18 Ramchandran. 2017

TABLE 3. . EFFECT OF RICE STRAW EXTRACTS (BOILED AND UNBOILED) ON TOTAL
GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT
Shoot length Root length (cm) Seedling fresh Seedling dry
Treatment Total germination % (cm) wt (g) wt (g)
Control 80 a 5.4 d 3.5 c 0.36 e 0.10 f
5% unboiled RSE 80 a 13.4 b 7.9 b 0.70 b 0.13 b
10% unboiled RSE 60 b 16.2 a 10.5 a 10.5 a 0.18 a
15% unboiled RSE 60 b 11.8 bc 8.3 b 0.59 c 0.12 bc
5% boiled RSE 60 b 11.2 c 7.5 b 0.61 bc 0.11 c
10% boiled RSE 60 b 16.2 a 10.0 a 0.86 a 0.17 a
15% boiled RSE 40 c 10.4 c 6.9 b 0.46 d 0.11 c
LSD value (5.0 %) 1.41 2.20 1.67 0.092 0.02

Afghanistan Aslam et al, 2016

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TABLE 4 - EFFECT OF SORGHUM EXTRACT ON GERMINATION OF AMARANTHUS

Germination rate
Germination
Type of extract Germination percentage Germination The aqueous
percentage(PEG)
The aqueous extract rate PEG extract

Shoot 90.250 A 31.583 B 0.1621472 A 0.087154 B

Root 90.167 A 53.500 A 0.1620061 A 0.146277 A

Afghanistan Sabahie et.al 2014

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TABLE 4. WEED DENSITY AND WEIGHT IN WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY INTERACTION OF BRASSICA BIOMASS
AND METHODS OF INCORPORATION

Treatments Weed density (no. m-2) Weed dry weight (g m-2)

30 DAS 50 DAS 30 DAS 50 DAS
S1 B1 17 19.33 0.91 1.78
S1 B2 15.67 17.67 1.01 1.31 S1 = B. campestris,
S2 = B. juncea,
S1 B3 15.33 8.67 0.93 1.01
S3 = B. napus,
S1 B4 17.67 15.67 1.13 0.78
B1 =No biomass,
S1 B5 22.67 9 1.8 0.51
B2 = Spreading
S2 B1 37.33 22 2.31 1.71 above ground,
S2 B2 21.33 29.67 0.92 1.03 B3 = mixed with
S2 B3 36.67 14 2.68 0.47 soil,
S2 B4 14.67 19 1.26 0.99 B4 = spreading in
S2 B5 18 16.33 1.44 0.61 lines,
S3 B1 26 12 1.26 1.48 B5 = 50% spreading
+ 50% mixed with
S3 B2 16.33 13 0.74 0.95
soil.
S3 B3 28.67 40 1.16 2.46
S3 B4 13.67 15 0.93 1.04
S3 B5 27.67 14 1.72 1.29
LSD(0.05) 16.323 22.252 0.925 0.845

Dhaka, Bangladesh 21 Biswas et. al. 2014

 CONCLUSION

 From the discussion, we understand that there are many potential problems with
attempting to use of allelopathy as a practical tool still if we overcome them to some
extend allelopathy is the best “natural herbicide”.

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 REFERENCES
Aslam, Z., Zaman, Q., & Ihsan, M. Z., (2016). Efficacy of rice straw extracts in controlling weeds and
enhancing the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Bulletin of environment,
pharmacology and life sciences. 3(11): 129-132.
Biswas, P., Morshed, M., Ullah, M., & Irin, I. (2014). Allelopathic effect of Brassica on weed control and yield of
wheat. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal. 17(1) :73-83.
Das, T. K. (2008). Weed Science – Basics and Applications. Jain Brothers publisher.
Kayode, J., & Ayeni, J. M., (2009). Allelopathic effects of some crop residues on the germination and growth of maize
(Zea mays L). Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
Ramchandran, A. (2017). Allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Datura metel L. on Parthenium
hysterophorus L. Agricultural research & technology open Acess journal. 10.
Sabahie, M., Vazan, S., Oveisi, M., & Golzardi, F. (2014). Evolution of allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of
sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor L.) on germination red root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Bulletin
of environment, pharmacology and life sciences. 3(11): 129-132.

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