The document provides an overview of composite materials, including definitions, types, properties, and fabrication methods. It defines a composite as a macroscopic combination of two or more materials with a distinct interface between them. Composites typically consist of a matrix and a reinforcement. The matrix holds the reinforcement in place and distributes stresses, while the reinforcement improves properties like strength and stiffness. Composites are classified by their matrix as polymer matrix, metal matrix, or ceramic matrix composites. Reinforcements can be particles, fibers, or laminates. Fiber reinforced composites derive high strength from fibers, with properties depending on fiber type, length, orientation, and concentration. Sandwich panels consist of thin faces bonded to a thick core
The document provides an overview of composite materials, including definitions, types, properties, and fabrication methods. It defines a composite as a macroscopic combination of two or more materials with a distinct interface between them. Composites typically consist of a matrix and a reinforcement. The matrix holds the reinforcement in place and distributes stresses, while the reinforcement improves properties like strength and stiffness. Composites are classified by their matrix as polymer matrix, metal matrix, or ceramic matrix composites. Reinforcements can be particles, fibers, or laminates. Fiber reinforced composites derive high strength from fibers, with properties depending on fiber type, length, orientation, and concentration. Sandwich panels consist of thin faces bonded to a thick core
The document provides an overview of composite materials, including definitions, types, properties, and fabrication methods. It defines a composite as a macroscopic combination of two or more materials with a distinct interface between them. Composites typically consist of a matrix and a reinforcement. The matrix holds the reinforcement in place and distributes stresses, while the reinforcement improves properties like strength and stiffness. Composites are classified by their matrix as polymer matrix, metal matrix, or ceramic matrix composites. Reinforcements can be particles, fibers, or laminates. Fiber reinforced composites derive high strength from fibers, with properties depending on fiber type, length, orientation, and concentration. Sandwich panels consist of thin faces bonded to a thick core
The document provides an overview of composite materials, including definitions, types, properties, and fabrication methods. It defines a composite as a macroscopic combination of two or more materials with a distinct interface between them. Composites typically consist of a matrix and a reinforcement. The matrix holds the reinforcement in place and distributes stresses, while the reinforcement improves properties like strength and stiffness. Composites are classified by their matrix as polymer matrix, metal matrix, or ceramic matrix composites. Reinforcements can be particles, fibers, or laminates. Fiber reinforced composites derive high strength from fibers, with properties depending on fiber type, length, orientation, and concentration. Sandwich panels consist of thin faces bonded to a thick core
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CHAPTER 2
Composites
1 OUTLINE • Introduction
• Types of Composite
• Fabrication of Composite
2 Composite • Macroscopic combinations of metallic, ceramic, and/or polymeric materials having an identifiable interface between them
• Most commonly, composite materials consist of;
(i) matrix - a bulk phase, which is continuous (ii) reinforcement - a dispersed, non-continuous, phase which is usually harder and stronger.
3 Concept of composites : •The matrix accepts the load over a large surface area, and transfers it to the reinforcement, which being stiffer, increases the strength of the composite.
6 3) Interface •The interface is a bonding surface between matrix and reinforcement
•The matrix material must "wet" the
reinforcement. Coupling agents are frequently used to improve wettability.
•Well "wetted" fibers increase the interface
surface area.
7 •To obtain desirable properties in a composite, the applied load should be effectively transferred from the matrix to the fibers via the interface
•Bonding with the matrix can be either weak Van
der Walls forces or strong covalent bonds
8 Matrix :
Binding the reinforcement phase in
place
to distribute the stresses among the
constituent reinforcement materials under an applied force
9 Reinforcement:
provide strength
heat resistance / conduction
Resistance to corrosion
Provide rigidity- must be stronger and stiffer
than matrix & capable of changing failure mechanism. 10 MATERIALS SCIENCE 11 Types of composites • Composite are classified firstly according to the matrix – PMC,CMC & MMC.
• In addition – classified according to the types (form)
of reinforcements or fillers used.
12 A classification scheme for the various composite types according to the types of reinforcement
13 A classification scheme for the various composite types according to the types of reinforcement
14 Particle reinforced composites
• Particulate composites have particles as fillers or reinforcements
• Particles are in the form
of rods, spheres, flakes Dispersion strengthened composites or others 15 Schematic representations of the various geometrical & spatial characteristics of particles of the dispersed phase that may influence the properties of composites: (a) concentration, (b) size, (c) shape, (d) distribution and (e) orientation. A classification scheme for the various composite types according to the types of reinforcement
17 • Fiber reinforced composites (FRP) are composites prepared by the incorporation of fibers into plastic material
18 Fiber Reinforced Composites • Influence of fiber length The mechanical characteristics of a fiber-reinforced composite depend not only on the properties of the fiber, but also on the degree to which an applied load is transmitted to the fibers by the matrix phase.
Some critical fiber length is necessary for effective
strengthening and stiffening of the composite material.
19 Influence of fiber orientation and concentration • Continuous and Aligned Fiber Composites
material causes uniform strain on all the composite layers.
- Assume the bonding between
the layers remains intact during the stressing.
21 Elastic behavior- (Longitudinal loading) • Isostrain condition: Under these conditions, the total load sustained by the composite Fc is equal to the sum of the loads carried by the matrix phase Fm and the fiber phase Ff
• Modulus of elasticity of a continuous and aligned fibrous composite in
the direction of alignment (or longitudinal direction), Ecl
because the composite
consists of only matrix and fiber phases; that is, Vm + Vf = 1. 22 Elastic behavior- (Longitudinal loading)
• Ratio of load carried by the fiber and matrix
23 Formula derivation from reference book Elastic behavior- (Longitudinal loading)
25 Elastic behavior- (Longitudinal loading)
26 Elastic behavior- (Longitudinal loading)
27 Example 1
28 Solution Example 1
29 Solution Example 1
30 Elastic Behavior—Transverse Loading
• ISOSTRESS • The load is applied at a 90 angle to the direction of fiber alignment as shown in Figure below.
• The stress to which the
composite as well as both phases are exposed is the same. Elastic Behavior—Transverse Loading
• Modulus of elasticity Longitudinal Tensile strength
It is desired to fabricate a continuous and aligned glass fiber–
reinforced polyester having a tensile strength of at least 1250 MPa in the longitudinal direction. The maximum possible specific gravity is 1.8. Using the data in Table , determine whether such a composite is possible. Justify your answer. Assume a value of 20 MPa for the stress on the matrix at fiber failure.
Specific Gravity Tensile Strength (MPa)
Glass Fiber 2.50 3500 Polyester 1.35 50 Solution A classification scheme for the various composite types according to the types of reinforcement
35 Laminar composites in which the reinforcement is in planar form produced by stacking the layers or plies
Unidirectional Crossplied Laminates 36 Sandwich panels considered to be a class of structural composites, are designed to be lightweight beams or panels having relatively high stiffness and strengths.
Sandwich panels 37 Sandwich panels • A sandwich panel consists of two outer sheets, or faces, that are separated by and adhesively bonded to a thicker core.
• The outer sheets - impart high stiffness and strength to the
structure and must be thick enough to withstand tensile and compressive stresses that result from loading. (2m)
• The core - provides continuous support for the faces. In
addition, it must have sufficient shear strength to withstand transverse shear stresses and also be thick enough to provide high shear stiffness (to resist buckling of the panel).
