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    4 Word Classes

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    Lilis Mayau
    Word classes are categories that words can be grouped into based on their grammatical properties. The main word classes are nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and prepositions. Words can be classified based on morphological, syntactic, and semantic criteria. Morphology looks at grammatical markers like suffixes. Syntax examines word order and phrases. Semantics considers meaning. Together these criteria are used to determine which class a word belongs to.

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    4 Word Classes

    Uploaded by

    Lilis Mayau
    157 views10 pages
    Word classes are categories that words can be grouped into based on their grammatical properties. The main word classes are nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and prepositions. Words can be classified based on morphological, syntactic, and semantic criteria. Morphology looks at grammatical markers like suffixes. Syntax examines word order and phrases. Semantics considers meaning. Together these criteria are used to determine which class a word belongs to.

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    Syntax

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    4 WORD CLASSES PPT

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    Word classes are categories that words can be grouped into based on their grammatical properties. The main word classes are nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and prepositions. Words can be classified based on morphological, syntactic, and semantic criteria. Morphology looks at grammatical markers like suffixes. Syntax examines word order and phrases. Semantics considers meaning. Together these criteria are used to determine which class a word belongs to.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    157 views10 pages

    4 Word Classes

    Uploaded by

    Lilis Mayau
    Word classes are categories that words can be grouped into based on their grammatical properties. The main word classes are nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and prepositions. Words can be classified based on morphological, syntactic, and semantic criteria. Morphology looks at grammatical markers like suffixes. Syntax examines word order and phrases. Semantics considers meaning. Together these criteria are used to determine which class a word belongs to.

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    4 WORD CLASSES

    Lilis Handayani Mayau


    183200001
    What Is Word Classes ?
    Word Classes is words that exist in a language and divided into Classes Such as
    Noun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition.

    • Noun ( sally, Cat, London)


    • Adjective ( small, slow, big)
    • Verb ( jump, work, fly)
    • Adverb ( quickly, slowly, very)
    • Preposition ( between, on, in, at)
    CRITERIA FOR WORD CLASSES
    MORPHOLOGICAL CRITERION
    The singular form Criterion is used in the heading
    because what is at stake is simply whether a given word
    allow grammatical suffixes or not.
    EXAMPLE
    a. Sobaka lajala
    Dog barked “the dog barked”
    The suffix –a signals the animal doing the barking
    b. Koshka tsarapala sobaku
    Cat scratched Dog “the cat scratched the dog”
    it as direct object suffix –u which marks the animal being
    scratched
    c. Petr dal sobake Kost’
    peter gave dog bone “ Peter gave the dog a bone”
    It has its oblique object suffix –e which here marks the reciepent
    of the bone
    There are few nouns in Russian take no suffixes
    Example : Kakadu (cockatoo), taksi (taxi), kofe (coffe)

    These nouns which do not vary their shape are called as invariable
    words.
    english doesn’t have the grammatical suffixes as Russian, but english
    nouns typically take a plural ending –fish – fishes, cat-cats and dog-dogs.
    Some nouns in english do not take a plural suffix for example sheep, deer-
    and are said to be invariable.
    MORPHO- SYNTACTIC- CRITERIA
    The suffixes Give information about person, number, and case
    Example :
    a. Sobaki lajut
    dogs bark “the dogs are barking”
    Sobaki is the subject but also plural and it has a different suffix, -i
    b. Petr dal kost’ sobakam
    peter gave bone to dogs “peter gave a bone to the dogs”
    sobakam refers to the recipient and its plural and has a different
    suffix –am
    So the suffixes signal information about case and about number
    ANOTHER EXAMPLE
    Signalling information about time and person
    a. Govorit o Moskve
    speaks about Moscow ‘He/she speaking about Moscow’
    b. Govorjat o Moskve
    speak about Moscow ‘They are speaking about moscow’
    c. Govorili o Moskve
    spoke about Moscow ‘they were speaking about moscow’
    Abc is refer event that talking about moscow
    A and B place that event in present time
    C place that event in past time
    SYNTACTIC CRITERION
    • The syntactic criteria for word classes are based on what words a given
    word occurs with and the types of phrase in which a given word occurs.
    Example :
    a. The dog stole the turkey
    b. The children chased the dog
    c. The cook saved no scraps for the dog
    Dog occurs to the left of stole in (a), to the right of chased in (b), and to the
    right of saved in (c) but separated from it by the intervening word for. Dog
    also occurs in a noun phrase and can be modified by a word such as the –
    the dog stole the turkey- or by an adjective –Hungry dogs stole the turkey-
    or by the and an adjective together –the hungry dogs stole the turkey-

    Based on the example above, the given word in noun phrase can be occur
    anywhere by adding the article (for some noun) or change the article with
    adjective (hungry dogs).
    SEMANTIC CRITERION
    • What words mean
    It deals with meaning (dictionary and speaker’s meaning)
    Example :
    Nouns as words denoting people, place or things
    Verbs as words denoting an action
    WHAT SPEAKERS DO WITH WORDS
    • It refers to the principle that when speakers perform speech acts, they
    also perform actions
    Speakers and writers pick what are called
    Verb when predicating
    Adjectives when adding to the information carried by a noun (that is when
    they perform the speech act of modifying) and
    Adverbs when they add to the information carried by a verb or an adjective

    *speech acts is any word or string of words that express meaning.


    Speakers use speech acts : to assert, to refer to entities, to predicate (
    is expressed in the formula of “someone saying something about a person or
    thing”) and to issue a command.

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