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  • Supercapacitor

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    SARINA
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    This document discusses supercapacitors. It begins by explaining that supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrical double-layer capacitors, store energy through an electrical double layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. They have higher energy and power densities than conventional capacitors. The document then describes how a supercapacitor works by attracting ions from the electrolyte to the electrodes when a voltage is applied. Key parameters like capacitance, specific energy, and specific power are defined. Differences between batteries, capacitors, and supercapacitors are outlined. Various electrode materials, electrolytes, and layered double hydroxides used in supercapacitors are also described.

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    This document discusses supercapacitors. It begins by explaining that supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrical double-layer capacitors, store energy through an electrical double layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. They have higher energy and power densities than conventional capacitors. The document then describes how a supercapacitor works by attracting ions from the electrolyte to the electrodes when a voltage is applied. Key parameters like capacitance, specific energy, and specific power are defined. Differences between batteries, capacitors, and supercapacitors are outlined. Various electrode materials, electrolytes, and layered double hydroxides used in supercapacitors are also described.

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    251 views13 pages

    Supercapacitor

    Uploaded by

    SARINA
    This document discusses supercapacitors. It begins by explaining that supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrical double-layer capacitors, store energy through an electrical double layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. They have higher energy and power densities than conventional capacitors. The document then describes how a supercapacitor works by attracting ions from the electrolyte to the electrodes when a voltage is applied. Key parameters like capacitance, specific energy, and specific power are defined. Differences between batteries, capacitors, and supercapacitors are outlined. Various electrode materials, electrolytes, and layered double hydroxides used in supercapacitors are also described.

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    of 13

    SUPERCAPACITOR

    Presented by
    Sarina K
    M.Tech 2nd year Material Science
    Central University of Tamilnadu
    CONTENTS

     Supercapacitor
     History of supercapacitor
     Working of supercapacitor
     Supercapacitor parameters
     Differences
     Electrode materials
     Electrolyte
     Layered double hydroxide
     References
    Electro chemical/Super/Ultra capacitors
    Electrochemical capacitors(EC),also known as super capacitors, ultra capacitors,
    or electrical double-layer capacitors(EDLC).
    They store energy in the electrical double layer at an electrode/electrolyte
    interface.
    The energy and power densities of electrochemical capacitors fall between those
    of batteries and conventional capacitors.
    Working of supercapacitor
    A Super capacitor consists of two porous electrodes a membrane, which
    separates positive and negative plated is called the separator.
    Electrodes are electrically connected with ionic liquid called the electrolyte.
    When the voltage is applied to positive electrode, it attracts negative ions from
    the electrolyte.
    When the voltage is applied to negative electrode, it attracts the positive ions
    from electrolyte.
    These ions are stored near the surface of electrode and these ions decrease the
    distance of between the electrodes.
     Due to decrease of distance of electrodes, the capacitance become very huge.
    Supercapacitor parameters
    • Capacitance
    C= ε0 εr A/d
    ε0 and εr - Permittivity of free space and dielectric constant of electrolyte
    A-surface area
    d-thickness of double layer
    • Specific energy
    E=(1/2)CV2=QV/R
    • Specific power
    P=V2/4R
    C-capacitance in F
    V-voltage
    R-equivalent series resistance(Ω)
    Battery Capacitor Supercapacitor
     A battery stores its potential  Capacitor is an electronics  Super capacitors are specially
    energy in a chemical form. component which is used to store designed capacitors which has
     Batteries are suitable for charge in the form of electric huge capacitance value and
    applications that require the supply potential. energy density compared to
    of relatively large amounts of  It consists of two parallel plates, capacitors.
    energy storage (greater than separated by a small distance.  The principle of energy storage
    1MWh) over long periods of  Amount of charge store in the in a super capacitor can be either
    time(15 minutes or more),where capacitor is known as the  Pure charge storage on an
    rapid recharge is not necessary and capacitance of capacitors and it electrode or may be the electrolyte
    where maintenance can be depend upon dimensions of the interface electrostatically by
    reasonably performed. capacitors. Electrochemical Double Layer
     They are not especially suitable  When a capacitor is attached Capacitance (EDLC),or
    for environmentally sensitive sites, across a battery, an electric field  It can transfer a charge to the
    remote locations, or applications develops across the dielectric, layer of redox molecules on the
    that require rapid discharge and causing positive charge(+Q) to surface of the electrode itself.
    absorption of energy. collect on one plate and negative  Super capacitor cells are able to
    charge(Q-) to collect on the other fill the gap between conventional
    plate. capacitors and batteries by
    providing high power performance
    in the compact design
    Electrode materials
    SUPERCAPACITORS

    Electrical Double
    Layer Pseudo capacitors Hybrid Capacitors
    Capacitor(EDLC)

    Conducting Composite
    Activated Carbon
    Polymer Hybrids

    Asymmetric
    Carbon Nanotube Metal Oxide
    Hybrids

    Graphene Battery Hybrids


    Electrolyte materials
     The electrolyte including solvent and salt, is one of the most important constituents of electrochemical super
    capacitors due to its advantages of ionic conductivity and charge compensation on both electrodes of the cell.
     These electrolytes can be classified as
     Organic electrolytes: Tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) dissolved in acetonitrile or propylene
    carbonate solvent.
     Aqueous electrolyte: Sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, and the sodium sulfate.
     Ionic liquids: Pyrrolidinium, imidazolium or maybe aliphatic quaternary ammonium salts coupled with such
    anions as PF6, BF4 etc
     Solid-state polymer electrolytes: Dry polymer electrolyte, gel polymer electrolyte, and the polyelectrolyte.
    Layered double hydroxide
     Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of multi-metal clay materials that are constituted by brucite
    layers. It is also called as anionic clays, mineral of this family is hydrotactic(Mg-Al-Co3).
     Application
     Catalysis
     Separation technology
     Optics
     Medical science
     Nano composite material engineering
    double layered hydroxide-contd
     Chemical formula
    M(II)1–xM(III)x(OH)2(An–)x/nxyH2O
     Where, M(II)-divalent cation
     M(III)-trivalent cation
     A-interlayer anion
     n-charge on interlayer ion
     x and y-fraction constants
     Inorganic or organic anions can be introduced
    between hydroxide layer by ion exchange or
    precipitation
    REFERENCES
     Prof.Kausik Pal IIT-Roorkee Nptel Lectures
     Microwave-assisted synthesis of metal/hydroxide composite electrodes for high power super capacitors-A
    review
     Morphologies, Preparations and Applications of Layered Double Hydroxide Micro-/Nanostructures

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