Straightness, Flatness, Parallelism
Straightness, Flatness, Parallelism
Straightness, Flatness, Parallelism
𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐸=
1 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒
Methods of Straightness Measurement:
Straight Edges
• Used for checking straightness and flatness
• Narrow/thin, deep and flat-sectioned measuring instrument
• Deep and narrow shape provided to offer considerable resistance to
bending in the plane of measurement under excessive weight
Flatness Error
Geometric Tolerance of
Flatness
Methods of Flatness Measurement: Beam
Comparator
• It is used for checking the general degree of flatness
• It can be used for comparing the flatness of a surface under
consideration with a master plate
• For comparative testing, it is not essential that a reference master
plate itself should be absolutely true but the error should be known
Methods of Flatness Measurement:
Interferometry
• Small variations of less than one
or two microns are measured
using interference fringes
– Fringes are produced
between the surface and an
optical flat illuminated by
monochromatic light
• The fringes may be regarded as
contours of equal distance from
the surface of the flat
– Separation between each
fringe of the same colour
represents a height
difference of half a
wavelength of the light used
Methods of Flatness Measurement: Surface
Plate
• The flat surface of a surface plate is used as a reference datum
plane
• It acts as a master for checking the characteristics of a work, viz.,
flatness
• It is manufactured with different materials, viz,. Cast iron, granite,
or glass block
Parallelism
• Two entities are said to be parallel to each other when the
perpendicular distance measured from each other anywhere on the
surfaces under test and at least in two directions does not exceed
an agreed value over a specified time
– Parallelism defines the angle between two surfaces of a sample
Methods of Parallelism measurement:
Using Dial Indicator and Test Mandrel
1. Parallelism between two planes:
The distance between two planes
at any position should not deviate
beyond a minimum value
3. Minimum Circumscribed:
Minimum radius that totally
encloses the data