Some Recaps

Density of a substance is its mass per

unit volume.
Density = Mass/Volume
Where mass is in tonnes (t), Volume is in
cubic metres (m^3), Density is in tonnes
per cubic metre (tm^3)
Density of water is 1 tm^3
Relative density is the number of times a
substance is heavier than water. Being a
ratio, RD has no Unit.
 Pressure is the load per unit area.
Thrust is the total pressure exerted on a
given surface.
Archimedes Principle states that when a
body is totally or partially submerged in
a fluid, it suffers an apparent loss of
weight which is equal to the weight of
fluid displaced.
 Since the word fluid includes both,
liquids and gases, and the fact that
merchant ships are only expected to be
partially immersed in water, a modified
version of Archimedes' Principle may be
called the Principle of flotation
 Principle of flotation: When a body is
floating in a liquid, the weight of liquid
displaced equals to the weight of the
body.
Displacement is commonly used to
denote the mass of a ship in tonnes.
Technically, it is the mass of water
displaced by a ship and, when floating
freely, the mass of water displaced
equals to the mass of the ship.
 Light displacement is the mass of the empty
ship - without any cargo, fuel, lubricating oil,
ballast water, fresh and feed water in tanks,
consumable stores, and passengers and crew
and their effects
Load displacement is the total mass of the
ship when she is floating in salt water with her
summer loadline at the water surface.
Present displacement is the mass of the shjp at
present. It is the sum of the light displacement
of the ship and everything on board at present.
Deadweight (DWT) of a ship is the total mass
of cargo, fuel, freshwater, etc., that a ship can
carry, when she is floating in salt water with
her summer loadline at the water surface.
DWT = Load displacement – Light
displacement
Deadweight aboard is the total mass of cargo,
fuel, ballast, fresh water, etc., on beard at
present.
DWT aboard = present displ - light displ
 Deadweight available is the total mass of
cargo, fuel, fresh water, etc., that can be put
on the ship at present to bring her summer
loadline to the water surface in salt water.
DWT available = load displ - present displ

Waterplane coefficient (Cw), or coefficient of

fineness of the water-plane area, is the ratio of
the area of the water-plane to the area of a
rectangle having the same length and
maximum breadth.
Cw = Area of water-plane
LxB
 Area of water-plane = L x B x Cw

Block coefficient (Cb), or Coefficient of

fineness of displacement, at any draft is
the ratio of the underwater volume of the
ship at that draft to a rectangular box
having the same extreme dimensions.
Cb = Underwater volume
LxBxd
 The term block coefficient may also be
used with respect to a tank in which case
it would be the ratio of the volume of the
tank to the volume of a rectangular box
having the same extreme dimensions as
the tank
Cb = Volume of tank
LxBxD
Volume of tank = L x B x D x Cb
Reserve buoyancy (RB) is the volume of
the enclosed spaces above the waterline.
It maybe expressed as a volume in m3 or
as a percentage of the total volume of the
ship.
RB = Total volume - underwater volume
RB % = Above water volume x 100
Total volume
 Reserve buoyancy is so called because,
though it is not displacing any water at
that time, it is available for displacement
if weights are added or if bilging takes
place. Bilging is the accidental entry of
water into a compartment, due to
underwater damage
 Tonnes per centimetre (TPC) is
the number of tonnes required to
cause the ship to sink or rise by
one centimetre
 Considering 1 cm sinkage

Increase in underwater volume = A x 1/100 m^3

Increase in W = A/100 x density of water displaced.
Or TPC = A/100 x density of water displaced
TPC in SW = A/100 x 1.025 = 1.025A/100
TPC in FW = A/100
TPC in DW of density RD = (RD x A)/ 100
In the foregoing formulae, the area of the
water-plane of a ship-shape has been
considered constant since the sinkage or
rise being considered is only 1 cm.
However, the area of the water-plane of a
ship-shape usually increases as draft
increases. Hence, its TPC also increases
as draft increases.
In view of this, calculations involving
TPC should generally be confined to
small values of sinkage or rise, say less
than about 20 cm, in the case of ship-
shapes. Otherwise, the accuracy of the
calculation will tend to suffer.

In the case of a box-shaped vessel, the

area of the water-plane is the same at all
drafts and hence its TPC does not change
with draft.
 Page 24, Problem 3
Rectangular Log B=3m, H=2M floats with breadth
horizontal. Density of log is 0.7t/m3
Find its draft in water of R.density 1.01
Vol of log = l x 3 x 2
Weight of log = l x 3 x 2 x 0.7
Being a homogenous uniform log, ratio of weight/volume
will be the ratio of immersion to the height in fresh water.
Therefore, draft in FW will be
Wt x h
Vol
6l x 0.7 x 2 = 4.2 x 2 = 1.40
6l 6
Draft in water of density 1.010 = 1.40 x 1/1.010
= 1.386
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT
AND DISPLACEMENT
When a ship goes from SW to FW, her draft
would increase and vice versa. This can be
illustrated by a simple example. Consider a
ship of 10000 tonnes displacement.
W = u/w volume x density of water displaced.
In salt water: 10000 = V sw x 1.025
or Vsw = 10000 = 9756 m3
1.025

Underwater volume in SW = 9756 m3

 In fresh water: 10000 = V FW x 1
or VFW = 10000 m3
Underwater volume in FW = 10000 m3

From the foregoing example it is clear that

when a ship goes from SW to FW her
underwater volume (and hence her draft)
increases, and vice versa, though her
displacement is constant.
 FRESH WATER ALLOWANCE
FWA is the increase in draft when a ship goes
from SW to FW and vice versa.
FWA = W
40 TPC
W is the displacement of the ship in salt
water, expressed in tonnes.
TPC is the tonnes per centimetre immersion
in salt water
FWA is the fresh water allowance in
centimetres.
 D W A is the increase in draft when a
ship goes from saltwater to dockwater,
and vice versa, where the dockwater is
neither fresh not salt i.e., RD between 1
and 1.025. When loading in a dock, the
ship can immerse her loadline by the
DWA so that when she goes to sea, she
would rise to her appropriate loadline.
 FWA of a ship usually increases as draft
increases. This is because W depends on
underwater volume whereas TPC
depends on water plane area. As draft
increases, both Wand TPC increase but
W increases at a faster rate. Hence FW
A, as calculated by the foregoing
formula, also increases as draft increases.
 The FWA calculated, by the foregoing
formula, for the summer load condition
is called the FWA of the ship.This FWA
is mentioned in the loadline certificate
and is considered constant for those
loadlines marked on the ship's sides - T,
S, W and WNA. When a ship is loading
down to her marks in FW, she can
immerse her loadline by the FWA of the
ship so that when she goes to SW, she
would rise to her appropriate loadline.
If it is desired to find the FW draft of the
ship when she is not immersed upto the
loadline marked on the ship's sides, the
FW A must be calculated by the formula
and added to the SW draft of the ship at
that time.
 When a ship goes from SW to FW
(change of RD of .0 25) she increases her
draft by FWA. So for any change of RD
between 1.025 and 1.000, linear
interpolation may be done.
Change of draft
= change of RD x FWA
.025
The change of draft, so obtained, would be in
the same units as the FWA - mm, cm or m.
 This formula holds good for any change
of RD. However, when the change of
draft is calculated between SW and DW,
it is called DWA. The term dock water is
used here only symbolically to represent
water whose RD is between 1.000 and
1.025 and, for stability purposes,
includes the water of rivers, harbours,
etc., even though they may not have
enclosed docks.
 Part II: When draft is constant
When a ship floats at the same draft, on
different occasions, in water of different
RD, her displacement each time would
be different. This is illustrated by a
simple example.
Suppose the underwater volume of a
certain ship at 7 m draft is 14000 m3.
 In SW, at 7 m draft, W=14000 x 1.025=14350 t.

In FW, at 7 m draft, W=14000 x 1.000=14000 t.

RD 1.01, at 7 m draft, W= 14000 x 1.010 = 14140 t.

RD 1.02, at 7 m draft, W= 14000 x 1.020 = 14280 t.

The Vertical distance between the upper
edges of S and T and also between S and
W is 1/48 of the summer draft of the
vessel. The WNA mark, if applicable is
exactly 50 mm below the W mark.