Feel the Machine

TPIM
Three Phase
Induction Motor
 Theory
1. Three-phase induction motor is the most
popular type of a. c. motor.
2. It is very commonly used for induction
drives since it is cheap, robust, efficient
and reliable.
3. It has good speed regulation and high
starting torque.
4. It requires little maintenance.
5. It has a reasonable overload capacity.
 The basic principle of operation is
‘induction’ and hence the name
‘Induction Motor’.
Induction is a phenomenon of an
induced voltage in a coil due to
changing flux.
This flux is established by either
another coil (as a general case) or
the same coil.
IM consists of: 1. stator 2. rotor.

Slot
Tooth

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core
or Stamping
IM consists of: 1. stator 2. rotor.
The stator is the stationary part.
and the rotor is a rotating part. Slot
Tooth

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core
or Stamping
The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel
laminations (cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel sheets)
to reduce eddy current losses.

Rotor
Shaft
The laminations are slotted on the inner periphery
and are insulated from each other.
The insulated stator conductors are placed in these slots.

Rotor
Shaft
 The stator conductors are connected to form a three-phase
winding.
The phase winding may be either star or delta connected.

Rotor
Shaft
 The clearance between the stator and the rotor is called an
air gap.
The air gap is kept as small as possible to
a) Reduce leakage reactance & no load current and
b) Improve the power factor.

Rotor
Shaft
 The rotor is built up of thin laminations of the same material
as that of stator.
The laminated cylindrical core is mounted directly on the
shaft or a spider carried by the shaft.

Rotor
Shaft
 The laminations are slotted on their outer periphery
to house the rotor conductors or rotor bars.

Rotor
Shaft
 The stator laminations are supported in a stator frame of
cast-iron or fabricated steel plate.
Stator frame is connected to coverings.
The coverings are rested on bearings which are mounted on
shaft.

Rotor
Shaft
 Common constructional features for
ALL rotating electrical machines

Stator Core STATOR

Air Gap
Rotor Core Brushes
Φ
Shaft Slip rings

ROTOR Rotor wdg

Bearings

Stator Frame Stator wdg

STATOR

Base
 There are TWO types of induction motor depending
on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor (SRIM).

Rotor Bars
Rotor Bars End Rings
(Slightly skewed)
(Slightly skewed)
Fig. 1. Cage Rotor

The slots nearly parallel to the shaft axis or skewed .

Each slot contains an uninsulated bar conductor of
aluminium or copper.
 There are TWO types of induction motor depending
on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).

Rotor Bars
Rotor Bars End Rings
(Slightly skewed)
(Slightly skewed)
Fig. 1. Cage Rotor

At each end of the rotor, the rotor bar

conductors are short circuited by heavy end ring
of the same material.
 There are TWO types of induction motor depending
on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor (SRIM).

SCIM :Energy transfer from electrical domain to magnetic

domain and later to mechanical domain.

SRIM : Energy transfer from electrical domain to magnetic

domain and later to mechanical domain as well as electrical
domain .

Transformers :Energy transfer from electrical domain to

magnetic domain and back to electrical domain.
 There are TWO types of induction motor depending
on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor (SRIM).

Rotor Bars
Rotor Bars End Rings
(Slightly skewed)
(Slightly skewed)
Fig. 1. Cage Rotor
The conductors and the end rings look like a ‘cage’ of a bird
or form a cage of the type which was once commonly used for
keeping squirrel;

Hence this rotor is known as the squirrel cage rotor.

 The important features of this squirrel cage rotor are:
1. The skewed bar reduces harmonics.
2. This gives uniform torque and less noise.
3. The locking tendency is reduced.
4. It has a compact and rugged construction.
5. The end rings can be projected for fanning action for
cooling.
6. It requires no slip rings.
7. It has less loss and more efficiency as compared to SRIM

8. It is not possible to add extra rotor resistance to change

the torque and speed. This is the only disadvantage.
Ha Ha Ha, We are important in Electrical Machines
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor
(SRIM).
ROTOR Brushes

SHAFT

OR

Start Run
Rotor winding Max Min
In delta or Star Slip Rings
Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor
The wound rotor consists of a slotted armature.
Insulated conductors are put in the slots and connected to
form a three phase distributed double layer winding
similar to the stator winding.
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor
(SRIM).
ROTOR Brushes

SHAFT

OR

Start Run
Rotor winding Max Min
In delta or Star Slip Rings
Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor
The rotor windings are connected in star or in delta.
The three ends of rotor windings are brought outside the
rotor and connected to three insulated slip rings.
The slip rings are mounted on the shaft with
brushes resting on them.
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor
(SRIM).
ROTOR Brushes

SHAFT

OR

Start Run
Rotor winding Max Min
In delta or Star Slip Rings
Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor
The resistors enable to increase each rotor
phase resistance to serve the following purposes:
1. to increase the starting torque.
2. to decrease the starting current.
3. to improve the starting power factor.
4. to decrease the speed of the motor.
Stator Poles and winding connections
B
Principle of Operation

R Y B

Y
B

R Y B

Y
B

R Y B

Y
Φb

Φr

Φr Φy Φb

Φy

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Φb

Φr

Φr Φy Φb

Φy

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Φ0=(3/2)Φm Consider an angle 0o S
Φb -Φy0 R2
Φb0 Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
Φr Φy Φb
N
Φy
Φb0={(√3)/(2)Φm
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φy0={(√3)/(2)}Φm B1=+ & B2 = –

Y1= – & Y2 =+
R1= 0 & R2 =0
 At an angle 60o
-Φy0 Φ60=(3/2)Φm
Φb R2 S
Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
Φr60 R1
N
Φr Φy Φb

Φy
Φr60={(√3)/(2)Φm
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

R1=+ & R2 = –
-Φy60={(√3)/(2)}Φm Y1= – & Y2 =+
B1= 0 & B2 =0
 At an angle 120o
Φb N R2
Y1 B1
Φr120
Φr
B2 Y2
Φ120=(3/2)Φm R1
S
-Φb120
Φy Φr120={(√3)/(2)Φm

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φb120={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1=+ & R2 = –

Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= – & B2 =+
 At an angle 180o N
Φb R2
Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
ΦY180 -Φb180

Φy
S
Φy180={(√3)/(2)Φm

Φ180=(3/2)Φm
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φb180={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1=0 & R2 = 0

Y1= + & Y2 = –
B1= – & B2 =+
 At an angle 240o
Φb R2 N
Y1 B1
-Φr240
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
S
ΦY240
Φy Φy240={(√3)/(2)Φm

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φr240={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1= – & R2 = +

Y1= + & Y2 = –
B1= 0 & B2 = 0
 Φb At an angle 300o
Φb300
S R2
Φ300=(3/2)Φm Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
-Φr300 R1
N

Φy Φb300={(√3)/(2)Φm

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-Φr300={(√3)/(2)}Φm R1= – & R2 = +

Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= + & B2 = –
Φ360=(3/2)Φm At an angle 360o S
Φb
-Φy360 R2
Φb360 Y1 B1
Φr
B2 Y2
R1
Φb360={(√3)/(2) }Φm
N
Φy

Phasor is
same as 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
that of
angle 0o R1= 0 & R2 =0
-Φy360={(√3)/(2)}Φm Y1= – & Y2 =+
B1=+ & B2 = –
 S
B
R2
Y1 B1

R B2 Y2
R1
R Y B
N
Y

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

For Clockwise RYB, Flux rotate Clockwise,

Poles rotate Clockwise,
 S
Y
R2
B1 Y1

R Y2 B2
R1
R Y B
N
B
Now change the
phase sequence
of motor to RBY 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
With same
supply phase
sequence
For anticlockwise phase sequence, Flux rotate anticlockwise,
Poles rotate anticlockwise,
 Assignment 22
1. Explain the constructional and operational difference between DC Motor and TPIM.
2. Give the classification of TPIM.
3. What is the principle of operation of TPIM ? Explain in detail the generation of rotating
magnetic field.
4. Justify True or False: Slip Rings are always used in TPIM.
5. Explain, how the rotating magnetic field direction depends upon phase sequence.

April 12, 2019 Friday pp T28.16