Hypothesis - Testing - Final - Stat - Pro - PPT Filename - UTF-8''Hypothesis Testing - Final - Stat&Pro

Hypothesis Testing
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 1

Introduction to
Hypothesis
Testing

In the language of statistics convicting the defendant is
called rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. That is, the jury is saying that
there is enough evidence to conclude that the defendant
is guilty (i.e., there is enough evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis).
If the jury acquits it is stating that there is not enough

evidence to support the alternative hypothesis. Notice
that the jury is not saying that the defendant is
innocent, only that there is not enough evidence to
support the alternative hypothesis. That is why we
never say that we accept the null hypothesis, although
most people in industry will say “We accept the null
hypothesis”

Hypothesis Tests
A hypothesis test is a process that uses sample statistics
to test a claim about the value of a population parameter.
If a manufacturer of rechargeable batteries
claims that the batteries they produce are good
for an average of at least 1,000 charges, a
sample would be taken to test this claim.
A verbal statement, or claim, about a population

parameter is called a statistical hypothesis.
To test the average of 1000 hours, a pair of
hypotheses are stated – one that represents the
claim and the other, its complement. When one
of these hypotheses is false, the other must be
true. Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 5
Stating a Hypothesis
“H subzero” or “H naught”
A null hypothesis H0 is a statistical hypothesis that
contains a statement of equality such as , =, or .
“H sub-a”
A alternative hypothesis Ha is the complement of the null
hypothesis. It is a statement that must be true if H0 is false and contains
a statement of inequality such as >, , or <.
To write the null and alternative hypotheses,

translate the claim made about the population
parameter from a verbal statement to a
mathematical statement.
Example:
Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and
alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim.
A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable

batteries have an average life of at least 1,000
charges.
  1000
Condition of
H0:   1000 (Claim)
equality
Ha:  < 1000
Complement of
the null
hypothesis
Example:
Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and
alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim.
Statesville college claims that 94% of their

graduates find employment within six months of
graduation.
p = 0.94
Condition of
H0: p = 0.94 (Claim)
equality
Ha: p  0.94
Complement of
the null
hypothesis
Types of Errors
No matter which hypothesis represents the claim,
always begin the hypothesis test assuming that the
null hypothesis is true.
At the end of the test, one of two decisions will be made:

1. reject the null hypothesis, or
2. fail to reject the null hypothesis.
A type I error occurs if the null hypothesis is

rejected when it is true.
A type II error occurs if the null hypothesis is not
rejected when it is false.

Types of Errors
Actual Truth of H0
Decision H0 is true H0 is false
Do not reject H0 Correct Type II Error

Decision
Reject H0 Type I Error Correct
Decision

Types of Errors
Example:
Statesville college claims that 94% of their graduates find employment
within six months of graduation. What will a type I or type II error be?
H0: p = 0.94 (Claim)

Ha: p  0.94
A type I error is rejecting the null when it is true.
The population proportion is actually 0.94, but is
rejected. (We believe it is not 0.94.)
A type II error is failing to reject the null when it is
false.
The population proportion is not 0.94, but is not
rejected. (We believe it is 0.94.)
Level of Significance
In a hypothesis test, the level of significance is your maximum allowable probability of making a type I error. It is denoted by ,
the lowercase Greek letter alpha.
The probability of making a type II error is denoted by , the lowercase Greek letter beta.
Hypothesis tests
are based on .
By setting the level of significance at a small value, you are

saying that you want the probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis to be small.
Commonly used levels of significance:

 = 0.10  = 0.05  = 0.01
Statistical Tests
After stating the null and alternative hypotheses and specifying
the level of significance, a random sample is taken from the
population and sample statistics are calculated.
The statistic that is compared with the parameter

in the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.
Population Test Standardized test

parameter statistic statistic
μ z (n  30)
t (n < 30)
p p̂ z
2 s2 X2

P-values
If the null hypothesis is true, a P-value (or probability value) of a
hypothesis test is the probability of obtaining a sample statistic with a value
as extreme or more extreme than the one determined from the sample data.
The P-value of a hypothesis test depends on the nature

of the test.
There are three types of hypothesis tests – a left-,

right-, or two-tailed test. The type of test depends on
the region of the sampling distribution that favors a
rejection of H0. This region is indicated by the
alternative hypothesis.

Left-tailed Test
1. If the alternative hypothesis contains the less-than inequality
symbol (<), the hypothesis test is a left-tailed test.
H0: μ  k
Ha: μ < k
P is the area
to the left of
the test
statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Right-tailed Test
2. If the alternative hypothesis contains the greater-than
symbol (>), the hypothesis test is a right-tailed test.
H0: μ  k
Ha: μ > k
P is the area
to the right of
the test
statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Two-tailed Test
3. If the alternative hypothesis contains the not-equal-to symbol (), the
hypothesis test is a two-tailed test. In a two-tailed test, each tail
has an area of P.
H0: μ = k
Ha: μ  k
P is twice the
P is twice the area to the
area to the left right of the
of the negative positive test
test statistic. statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test Test
statistic statistic
Identifying Types of Tests
Example:
For each claim, state H0 and Ha. Then determine whether the hypothesis
test is a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test.
a.) A cigarette manufacturer claims that less than one-

eighth of the US adult population smokes
cigarettes.
H0: p  0.125
Ha: p < 0.125 Left-tailed test
(Claim)
b.) A local telephone company claims that the
average length of a phone call is 8 minutes.
H0: μ = 8 (Claim)
Ha: μ  8 Two-tailed test

Making a Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value
To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis
test, compare the P-value with .
1. If P  , then reject H0.
2. If P > , then fail to reject H0.
Claim
Decision Claim is H0 Claim is Ha
There is enough evidence There is enough evidence
Reject H0 to reject the claim. to support the claim.
There is not enough There is not enough
Do not reject H0 evidence to reject the evidence to support the
claim. claim.

Interpreting a Decision
Example:
You perform a hypothesis test for the following claim. How should you
interpret your decision if you reject H0? If you fail to reject H0?
H0: (Claim) A cigarette manufacturer claims that

less than one-eighth of the US adult population
smokes cigarettes.
If H0 is rejected, you should conclude “there is sufficient
evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim is false.”
If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude “there is not
sufficient evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim
is false.”

Steps for Hypothesis
Testing
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify
the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: ? Ha: ? This sampling
distribution is based on
the assumption that H0
2. Specify the level of significance. is true.
=?
3. Determine the
standardized sampling z
0
distribution and draw its
graph.
4. Calculate the test statistic z
and its standardized value. 0
Add it to your sketch. Test statistic
Continued.
Steps for Hypothesis
Testing
5. Find the P-value.
6. Use the following decision rule.
Is the P-value less than
or equal to the level of No Fail to reject H0.
significance?
Yes
Reject H0.
7. Write a statement to interpret the decision in the

context of the original claim.
These steps apply to left-tailed, right-tailed,

and two-tailed tests.

Hypothesis
Testing for the
Mean (Large
Samples)
Using P-values to Make a
Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value
To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis
test, compare the P-value with .
1. If P  , then reject H0.
2. If P > , then fail to reject H0.
Recall that when the sample size is at least 30, the

sampling distribution for the sample mean is
normal.

Using P-values to Make a
Decision
Example:
The P-value for a hypothesis test is P = 0.0256.
What is your decision if the level of significance is
a.) 0.05,
b.) 0.01?
a.) Because 0.0256 is < 0.05, you should reject the

null hypothesis.
b.) Because 0.0256 is > 0.01, you should fail to

reject the null hypothesis.

Finding the P-value
After determining the hypothesis test’s standardized
test statistic and the test statistic’s corresponding
area, do one of the following to find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail).
b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail).
c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test
statistic).
Example:
The test statistic for a right-tailed test is z = 1.56. Find the P-
value.
P-value = 0.0594 The area to the right of z = 1.56
is .5 – .4406 = 0.0594.
0 1.56 z

Finding the P-value
Example:
The test statistic for a two-tailed test is z = 2.63.
Find the P-value.
0.0043
z
2.63 0
The area to the left of z = 2.63 is 0.0043.

The P-value is 2(0.0043) = 0.0086

Using P-values for a z-Test
The z-test for the mean is a statistical test for a
population mean. The z-test can be used when the
population is normal and  is known, or for any
population when the sample size n is at least 30.
xμ σ
z= = standard error = σx
σ n n
When n  30, the sample standard deviation s can be
substituted for .
Using P-values for a z-Test for a Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
and alternative hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of Identify .
significance. xμ
z=
3. Determine the standardized σ n
test statistic.
Use Table for
4. Find the area that corresponds Area under the
to z. normal curve.
Continued.
Using P-values for a z-Test for a Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
5. Find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail).
b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail).
c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic).
6. Make a decision to reject or fail Reject H0 if P-

to reject the null hypothesis. value is less than
7. Interpret the decision in the or equal to .
context of the original claim. Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.

Hypothesis Testing with P-
values
Example:
batteries are good for an average of more than
1,000 charges. A random sample of 100 batteries
has a mean life of 1002 charges and a standard
deviation of 14. Is there enough evidence to
support this claim at  = 0.01?
H0:   1000 Ha:  > 1000 (Claim)
The level of significance is  =
0.01.
The standardized test statistic is
xμ 1002  1000
z= =
σ n 14 100
�1.43
Continued.
Hypothesis Testing with P-
values
Example continued:
batteries are good for an average of more than
1,000 charges. A random sample of 100 batteries
has a mean life of 1002 charges and a standard
deviation of 14. Is there enough evidence to
support
H :   1000
0 H :=
this claim at > 0.01?
1000 (Claim)
a
z = 1.43
The area to the right of P-value is greater than
z = 1.43 is P = 0.0764.  = 0.01, fail to reject H0.
0 1.43 z
At the 1% level of significance, there is not enough evidence

to support the claim that the rechargeable battery has an
average life of at least 1000 charges.
Rejection Regions and Critical
Values
A rejection region (or critical region) of the
sampling distribution is the range of values for which
the null hypothesis is not probable. If a test statistic
falls in this region, the null hypothesis is rejected. A
critical value z0 separates the rejection region from the
nonrejection region.
Example:
Find the critical value and rejection region for a right tailed
test with  = 0.01.
 = 0.01 The rejection region is to the

z right of z0 = 2.575.
0 2.575

Rejection Regions and Critical
Values
Finding Critical Values in a Normal Distribution
1. Specify the level of significance .
2. Decide whether the test is left-, right-, or two-tailed.
3. Find the critical value(s) z0. If the hypothesis test is
a. left-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to
an area of ,
b. right-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to
an area of 1 – ,
c. two-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to
 and 1 – .
4. Sketch the standard normal distribution. Draw a
vertical line at each critical value and shade the
rejection region(s).

Rejection Regions for a z-
Test
Decision Rule Based on Rejection Region
To use a rejection region to conduct a hypothesis test,
calculate the standardized test statistic, z. If the
standardized test statistic
1. is in the rejection region, then reject H0.
2. is not in the rejection region, then fail to reject H0.
Fail to reject Ho. Fail to reject Ho.
Reject Ho. Reject Ho.

z z
z < z0 z0 0 0 z0 z > z0
Fail to reject Ho.
Left-Tailed Test Right-Tailed Test
Reject Ho. Reject Ho.
z
z < z0 z0 0 z0 z > z0
Two-Tailed Test
Test
Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a
Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
significance.
3. Sketch the sampling
Use Table of z.
distribution.
4. Determine the critical value(s).
5. Determine the rejection
regions(s). Continued.
Test
Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a
Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
xμ
6. Find the standardized test z= or if n �30
σ
statistic. n
use σ �s.
7. Make a decision to reject or fail If z is in the

to reject the null hypothesis. rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the reject H0.

Testing with Rejection
Regions
Example:
A local telephone company claims that the average
length of a phone call is 8 minutes. In a random
sample of 58 phone calls, the sample mean was 7.8
minutes and the standard deviation was 0.5
minutes. Is there enough evidence to support this
claim at  = 0.05?
H0:  = 8 (Claim) Ha:   8
0.05.
0.025 0.025
z
z0 = 1.96 0 z0 = 1.96
Continued.
Testing with Rejection
Regions
Example continued:
Hclaim at (Claim)
0:  = 8
= 0.05? Ha:   8
The standardized test statistic is The test statistic falls
xμ 7.8  8
z= = in the rejection
σ n 0.5 58 region, so H0 is
�3.05. rejected.
z
z0 = 1.96 0 z0 = 1.96
At the 5% level of significance, there is enough evidence to

reject the claim that the average length of a phone call is 8
minutes. Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 39
Hypothesis
Testing for the
Mean (Small
Samples)
Critical Values in a t-
Distribution
Finding Critical Values in a t-Distribution
1. Identify the level of significance .
2. Identify the degrees of freedom d.f. = n – 1.
3. Find the critical value(s) using Table of t in the row
with n – 1 degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis
test is
a. left-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a
negative sign,
b. right-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a
positive sign,
c. two-tailed, use “Two Tails,  ” column with a
negative and a positive sign.

Finding Critical Values for t
Example:
Find the critical value t0 for a right-tailed test given  =
0.01 and n = 24.
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 24 – 1 = 23.
To find the critical value, use Table 5 with d.f. = 23 and

0.01 in the “One Tail,  “ column. Because the test is a
right-tail test, the critical value is positive.
t0 = 2.500

Finding Critical Values for t
Example:
Find the critical values t0 and t0 for a two-tailed test
given  = 0.10 and n = 12.
To find the critical value, use Table 5 with d.f. = 11 and

0.10 in the “Two Tail,  “ column. Because the test is a
two-tail test, one critical value is negative and one is
positive.
t0 =  1.796 and t0 = 1.796

t-Test for a Mean μ (n < 30, 
Unknown)
The t-test for the mean is a statistical test for a
population mean. The t-test can be used when the
population is normal or nearly normal,  is unknown,
and n < 30.
xμ
t=
s n
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 .

Unknown)
Using the t-Test for a Mean μ (Small Sample)
In Words In Symbols
significance.
d.f. = n – 1.
3. Identify the degrees of freedom
and sketch the sampling
distribution.
Use Table of t
4. Determine any critical values.
5. Determine any rejection
Continued.
region(s).
Unknown)
Using the t-Test for a Mean μ (Small Sample)
In Words In Symbols
6. Find the standardized test xμ
t=
statistic. s
n
7. Make a decision to reject or fail If t is in the

to reject the null hypothesis. rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the reject H0.

Testing μ Using Critical
Values
Example:
claim at  = 0.05?
H0:  = 8 (Claim) Ha:   8
0.05.
The test is a two-tailed test.
Degrees of freedom are d.f. = 18 – 1 = 17.
The critical values are t0 = 2.110 and t0 =

Continued.
2.110
Testing μ Using Critical
Values
Example continued:
Hclaim at (Claim)
0:  = 8
= 0.05? Ha:   8
The standardized test statistic is The test statistic falls
xμ 7.8  8
t= = in the nonrejection
s n 0.5 18 region, so H0 is not
�1.70. rejected.
z
z0 = 2.110 0 z0 = 2.110
At the 5% level of significance, there is not enough evidence to

reject the claim that the average length of a phone call is 8
minutes.
Testing μ Using P-values
Example:
batteries have an average life greater than 1,000
charges. A random sample of 10 batteries has a
mean life of 1002 charges and a standard deviation
of 14. Is there enough evidence to support this
claim
H at  = 0.01?
0:   1000 Ha:  > 1000
The level of significance is (Claim)
=
0.01.
The standardized test statistic is
xμ 1002  1000
t= =
s n 14 10
�0.45 Continued.
Testing μ Using P-values
Example continued:
batteries have an average life greater than 1,000
charges. A random sample of 10 batteries has a
mean life of 1002 charges and a standard deviation
of 14. Is there enough evidence to support this
claim
H0:   at  = 0.01? Ha:  > 1000 (Claim)
1000
t = 0.45 Using the d.f. = 9 row from Table 5, you can
determine that P is greater than  = 0.25 and is
therefore also greater than the 0.01 significance
0 0.45 z level. H0 would fail to be rejected.
to support the claim that the rechargeable battery has an
average life of at least 1000 charges.
Hypothesis
Testing for
Proportions

z-Test for a Population
Proportion
The z-test for a population is a statistical test for a
population proportion. The z-test can be used when a
binomial distribution is given such that np  5 and nq 
5.
p̂
The test statistic is the sample proportion and the
standardized test statistic is z.
ˆ
pμ p p
z= pˆ
= ˆ
σ pˆ pq n

Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Using a z-Test for a Proportion p
Verify that np  5 and nq  5.
In Words In Symbols
significance.
3. Sketch the sampling
Use Table 4 in
distribution.
Appendix B.
4. Determine any critical values.
Continued.
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Using a z-Test for a Proportion p
Verify that np  5 and nq  5.
In Words In Symbols
5. Determine any rejection
regions. p̂  p
z=
6. Find the standardized test pq n
statistic.
If z is in the
7. Make a decision to reject or fail rejection region,
to reject the null hypothesis. reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the
reject H0.

Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example:
Statesville college claims that more than 94% of
their graduates find employment within six months
of graduation. In a sample of 500 randomly
selected graduates, 475 of them were employed.
Is there enough evidence to support the college’s
claim at a 1% level of significance?
Verify that the products np and nq are at least 5.

np = (500)(0.94) = 470 and nq = (500)(0.06)
= 30
H0: p  0.94 Ha: p > 0.94
(Claim)
Continued.
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example continued:
H0: p  0.94 Ha: p > 0.94 (Claim)
Because the test is a right-tailed test and  = 0.01, the
critical value is 2.33. p̂  p = 0.95  0.94
z=
pq n (0.94)(0.06) 500
�0.94 Test statistic
0 2.33 z
Continued.
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example continued:
H0: p  0.94 Ha: p > 0.94 (Claim)
The test statistic falls

2.33 z in the nonrejection
z = 0.94 0
region, so H0 is not
rejected.
to support the college’s claim.
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example:
A cigarette manufacturer claims that one-eighth of
the US adult population smokes cigarettes. In a
random sample of 100 adults, 5 are cigarette
smokers. Test the manufacturer's claim at  =
0.05.
Verify that the products np and nq are at least 5.
np = (100)(0.125) = 12.5 and nq = (100)(0.875)
= 87.5
H0: p = 0.125 (Claim) Ha: p  0.125
Because the test is a two-tailed test and  = 0.05,

the critical values are ± 1.96.
Continued.
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example continued:
A cigarette manufacturer claims that one-eighth of
the US adult population smokes cigarettes. In a
random sample of 100 adults, 5 are cigarettes
smokers. Test the manufacturer's claim at  = 0.05.
H0: p = 0.125 (Claim) Ha: p  0.125
2.27 The test statistic

z is p̂  p = 0.05  0.125
z0 = 1.96 0 z0 = 1.96 z=
pq n (0.125)(0.875) 100
�2.27 Reject H0.
At the 5% level of significance, there is enough
evidence to reject the claim that one-eighth of the
population smokes.
Exercises:
Z – Test for Population Mean
1. An automobile manufacturer recommends that
any purchaser of one of its new cars bring it in to a
dealer for 3000 mi checkup. The company wishes to
know whether the true average mileage at which
this initial servicing is done differs from 3000. A
random sample of 50 recent purchases resulted in a
sample average mileage of 3208 mi and a sample
standard deviation of 273 mi. Does the data
strongly suggest that true average mileage for this
checkup is something other than the value
recommended by the company. State and test the
relevant hypothesis using level of significance 0.01.
Exercises:
t – Test for population mean
1. A paint manufacturer company claims that the
mean drying time for its paint is not more than 45
minutes. A random sample of 20 gallons of paints
selected from the production line of this company
showed that the mean drying time for this sample is
50 minutes with a standard deviation of 3 minutes.
Assume that the drying times for these paints have a
normal distribution. Using 5% significant level, would
you include the company’s claim is true?

Exercises:
Z – test for Population proportion
1. Telekom is trying to decide whether some new lines
in a large community should be installed
underground. Because a small surcharge will be
added to telephone bills to pay for extra installation
costs, the company has decided to survey customers
and proceed only if the survey strongly indicates that
more than 60% of all customers favor underground
installation. If 118 of 160 customers surveyed favor
underground installation in spite of the surcharge,
what should the company do? Test using significant
level 0.05.

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What is a null hypothesis?

What is a null hypothesis?

What is an alternative hypothesis?

What is an alternative hypothesis?

Hypothesis Testing

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 1

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 2

If the jury acquits it is stating that there is not enough

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 4

A verbal statement, or claim, about a population

To write the null and alternative hypotheses,

A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable

Statesville college claims that 94% of their

At the end of the test, one of two decisions will be made:

A type I error occurs if the null hypothesis is

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 9

Do not reject H0 Correct Type II Error

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 10

H0: p = 0.94 (Claim)

By setting the level of significance at a small value, you are

Commonly used levels of significance:

The statistic that is compared with the parameter

Population Test Standardized test

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 13

The P-value of a hypothesis test depends on the nature

There are three types of hypothesis tests – a left-,

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 14

a.) A cigarette manufacturer claims that less than one-

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 18

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 19

H0: (Claim) A cigarette manufacturer claims that

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 20

7. Write a statement to interpret the decision in the

These steps apply to left-tailed, right-tailed,

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 22

Recall that when the sample size is at least 30, the

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 24

a.) Because 0.0256 is < 0.05, you should reject the

b.) Because 0.0256 is > 0.01, you should fail to

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 25

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 26

The area to the left of z = 2.63 is 0.0043.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 27

6. Make a decision to reject or fail Reject H0 if P-

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 30

At the 1% level of significance, there is not enough evidence

 = 0.01 The rejection region is to the

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 33

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 34

Reject Ho. Reject Ho.

7. Make a decision to reject or fail If z is in the

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 37

At the 5% level of significance, there is enough evidence to

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 41

The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 24 – 1 = 23.

To find the critical value, use Table 5 with d.f. = 23 and

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 42

The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 12 – 1 = 11.

To find the critical value, use Table 5 with d.f. = 11 and