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The key takeaways are an introduction to hypothesis testing and the concepts of null and alternative hypotheses. Hypothesis testing is used to test claims about population parameters by taking samples and analyzing the data.

A null hypothesis (H0) is a statement of no difference or no effect, such as equality (=). It contains a statement that there is no relationship or no difference between values.

An alternative hypothesis (Ha) is the complement of the null hypothesis and represents the alternative explanation. It contains a statement of inequality such as >, <, or ≠ and represents the claim being tested.

Hypothesis Testing

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 1


Introduction to
Hypothesis
Testing

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 2


Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 3
In the language of statistics convicting the defendant is
called rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. That is, the jury is saying that
there is enough evidence to conclude that the defendant
is guilty (i.e., there is enough evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis).

If the jury acquits it is stating that there is not enough


evidence to support the alternative hypothesis. Notice
that the jury is not saying that the defendant is
innocent, only that there is not enough evidence to
support the alternative hypothesis. That is why we
never say that we accept the null hypothesis, although
most people in industry will say “We accept the null
hypothesis”

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 4


Hypothesis Tests
A hypothesis test is a process that uses sample statistics
to test a claim about the value of a population parameter.
If a manufacturer of rechargeable batteries
claims that the batteries they produce are good
for an average of at least 1,000 charges, a
sample would be taken to test this claim.

A verbal statement, or claim, about a population


parameter is called a statistical hypothesis.
To test the average of 1000 hours, a pair of
hypotheses are stated – one that represents the
claim and the other, its complement. When one
of these hypotheses is false, the other must be
true. Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 5
Stating a Hypothesis
“H subzero” or “H naught”
A null hypothesis H0 is a statistical hypothesis that
contains a statement of equality such as , =, or .
“H sub-a”
A alternative hypothesis Ha is the complement of the null
hypothesis. It is a statement that must be true if H0 is false and contains
a statement of inequality such as >, , or <.

To write the null and alternative hypotheses,


translate the claim made about the population
parameter from a verbal statement to a
mathematical statement.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 6
Stating a Hypothesis
Example:
Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and
alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim.

A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable


batteries have an average life of at least 1,000
charges.
  1000
Condition of
H0:   1000 (Claim)
equality
Ha:  < 1000
Complement of
the null
hypothesis
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 7
Stating a Hypothesis
Example:
Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and
alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim.

Statesville college claims that 94% of their


graduates find employment within six months of
graduation.
p = 0.94
Condition of
H0: p = 0.94 (Claim)
equality
Ha: p  0.94
Complement of
the null
hypothesis
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 8
Types of Errors
No matter which hypothesis represents the claim,
always begin the hypothesis test assuming that the
null hypothesis is true.

At the end of the test, one of two decisions will be made:


1. reject the null hypothesis, or
2. fail to reject the null hypothesis.

A type I error occurs if the null hypothesis is


rejected when it is true.
A type II error occurs if the null hypothesis is not
rejected when it is false.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 9


Types of Errors

Actual Truth of H0
Decision H0 is true H0 is false

Do not reject H0 Correct Type II Error


Decision
Reject H0 Type I Error Correct
Decision

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 10


Types of Errors
Example:
Statesville college claims that 94% of their graduates find employment
within six months of graduation. What will a type I or type II error be?

H0: p = 0.94 (Claim)


Ha: p  0.94
A type I error is rejecting the null when it is true.
The population proportion is actually 0.94, but is
rejected. (We believe it is not 0.94.)
A type II error is failing to reject the null when it is
false.
The population proportion is not 0.94, but is not
rejected. (We believe it is 0.94.)
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 11
Level of Significance
In a hypothesis test, the level of significance is your maximum allowable probability of making a type I error. It is denoted by ,
the lowercase Greek letter alpha.

The probability of making a type II error is denoted by , the lowercase Greek letter beta.

Hypothesis tests
are based on .

By setting the level of significance at a small value, you are


saying that you want the probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis to be small.

Commonly used levels of significance:


 = 0.10  = 0.05  = 0.01
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 12
Statistical Tests
After stating the null and alternative hypotheses and specifying
the level of significance, a random sample is taken from the
population and sample statistics are calculated.

The statistic that is compared with the parameter


in the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.

Population Test Standardized test


parameter statistic statistic
μ z (n  30)
t (n < 30)
p p̂ z
2 s2 X2

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 13


P-values
If the null hypothesis is true, a P-value (or probability value) of a
hypothesis test is the probability of obtaining a sample statistic with a value
as extreme or more extreme than the one determined from the sample data.

The P-value of a hypothesis test depends on the nature


of the test.

There are three types of hypothesis tests – a left-,


right-, or two-tailed test. The type of test depends on
the region of the sampling distribution that favors a
rejection of H0. This region is indicated by the
alternative hypothesis.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 14


Left-tailed Test
1. If the alternative hypothesis contains the less-than inequality
symbol (<), the hypothesis test is a left-tailed test.

H0: μ  k
Ha: μ < k

P is the area
to the left of
the test
statistic.
z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 15
Right-tailed Test
2. If the alternative hypothesis contains the greater-than
symbol (>), the hypothesis test is a right-tailed test.

H0: μ  k
Ha: μ > k

P is the area
to the right of
the test
statistic.

z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test
statistic
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 16
Two-tailed Test
3. If the alternative hypothesis contains the not-equal-to symbol (), the
hypothesis test is a two-tailed test. In a two-tailed test, each tail
has an area of P.

H0: μ = k
Ha: μ  k
P is twice the
P is twice the area to the
area to the left right of the
of the negative positive test
test statistic. statistic.

z
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Test Test
statistic statistic
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 17
Identifying Types of Tests
Example:
For each claim, state H0 and Ha. Then determine whether the hypothesis
test is a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test.

a.) A cigarette manufacturer claims that less than one-


eighth of the US adult population smokes
cigarettes.
H0: p  0.125
Ha: p < 0.125 Left-tailed test
(Claim)
b.) A local telephone company claims that the
average length of a phone call is 8 minutes.
H0: μ = 8 (Claim)
Ha: μ  8 Two-tailed test

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 18


Making a Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value
To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis
test, compare the P-value with .
1. If P  , then reject H0.
2. If P > , then fail to reject H0.

Claim
Decision Claim is H0 Claim is Ha
There is enough evidence There is enough evidence
Reject H0 to reject the claim. to support the claim.
There is not enough There is not enough
Do not reject H0 evidence to reject the evidence to support the
claim. claim.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 19


Interpreting a Decision
Example:
You perform a hypothesis test for the following claim. How should you
interpret your decision if you reject H0? If you fail to reject H0?

H0: (Claim) A cigarette manufacturer claims that


less than one-eighth of the US adult population
smokes cigarettes.
If H0 is rejected, you should conclude “there is sufficient
evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim is false.”
If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude “there is not
sufficient evidence to indicate that the manufacturer’s claim
is false.”

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 20


Steps for Hypothesis
Testing
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify
the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: ? Ha: ? This sampling
distribution is based on
the assumption that H0
2. Specify the level of significance. is true.
=?
3. Determine the
standardized sampling z
0
distribution and draw its
graph.
4. Calculate the test statistic z
and its standardized value. 0
Add it to your sketch. Test statistic

Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 21
Steps for Hypothesis
Testing
5. Find the P-value.
6. Use the following decision rule.
Is the P-value less than
or equal to the level of No Fail to reject H0.
significance?
Yes

Reject H0.

7. Write a statement to interpret the decision in the


context of the original claim.

These steps apply to left-tailed, right-tailed,


and two-tailed tests.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 22


Hypothesis
Testing for the
Mean (Large
Samples)
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 23
Using P-values to Make a
Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value
To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis
test, compare the P-value with .
1. If P  , then reject H0.
2. If P > , then fail to reject H0.

Recall that when the sample size is at least 30, the


sampling distribution for the sample mean is
normal.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 24


Using P-values to Make a
Decision
Example:
The P-value for a hypothesis test is P = 0.0256.
What is your decision if the level of significance is
a.) 0.05,

b.) 0.01?

a.) Because 0.0256 is < 0.05, you should reject the


null hypothesis.

b.) Because 0.0256 is > 0.01, you should fail to


reject the null hypothesis.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 25


Finding the P-value
After determining the hypothesis test’s standardized
test statistic and the test statistic’s corresponding
area, do one of the following to find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail).
b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail).
c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test
statistic).
Example:
The test statistic for a right-tailed test is z = 1.56. Find the P-
value.
P-value = 0.0594 The area to the right of z = 1.56
is .5 – .4406 = 0.0594.
0 1.56 z

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 26


Finding the P-value
Example:
The test statistic for a two-tailed test is z = 2.63.
Find the P-value.

0.0043
z
2.63 0

The area to the left of z = 2.63 is 0.0043.


The P-value is 2(0.0043) = 0.0086

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 27


Using P-values for a z-Test
The z-test for the mean is a statistical test for a
population mean. The z-test can be used when the
population is normal and  is known, or for any
population when the sample size n is at least 30.

xμ σ
z= = standard error = σx
σ n n
When n  30, the sample standard deviation s can be
substituted for .
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 28
Using P-values for a z-Test
Using P-values for a z-Test for a Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
and alternative hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of Identify .
significance. xμ
z=
3. Determine the standardized σ n
test statistic.
Use Table for
4. Find the area that corresponds Area under the
to z. normal curve.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 29
Using P-values for a z-Test
Using P-values for a z-Test for a Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
5. Find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail).
b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail).
c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic).

6. Make a decision to reject or fail Reject H0 if P-


to reject the null hypothesis. value is less than
7. Interpret the decision in the or equal to .
context of the original claim. Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 30


Hypothesis Testing with P-
values
Example:
A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable
batteries are good for an average of more than
1,000 charges. A random sample of 100 batteries
has a mean life of 1002 charges and a standard
deviation of 14. Is there enough evidence to
support this claim at  = 0.01?
H0:   1000 Ha:  > 1000 (Claim)
The level of significance is  =
0.01.
The standardized test statistic is
xμ 1002  1000
z= =
σ n 14 100
�1.43
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 31
Hypothesis Testing with P-
values
Example continued:
A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable
batteries are good for an average of more than
1,000 charges. A random sample of 100 batteries
has a mean life of 1002 charges and a standard
deviation of 14. Is there enough evidence to
support
H :   1000
0 H :=
this claim at > 0.01?
1000 (Claim)
a

z = 1.43
The area to the right of P-value is greater than
z = 1.43 is P = 0.0764.  = 0.01, fail to reject H0.
0 1.43 z

At the 1% level of significance, there is not enough evidence


to support the claim that the rechargeable battery has an
average life of at least 1000 charges.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 32
Rejection Regions and Critical
Values
A rejection region (or critical region) of the
sampling distribution is the range of values for which
the null hypothesis is not probable. If a test statistic
falls in this region, the null hypothesis is rejected. A
critical value z0 separates the rejection region from the
nonrejection region.
Example:
Find the critical value and rejection region for a right tailed
test with  = 0.01.

 = 0.01 The rejection region is to the


z right of z0 = 2.575.
0 2.575

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 33


Rejection Regions and Critical
Values
Finding Critical Values in a Normal Distribution
1. Specify the level of significance .
2. Decide whether the test is left-, right-, or two-tailed.
3. Find the critical value(s) z0. If the hypothesis test is
a. left-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to
an area of ,
b. right-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to
an area of 1 – ,
c. two-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to
 and 1 – .
4. Sketch the standard normal distribution. Draw a
vertical line at each critical value and shade the
rejection region(s).

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 34


Rejection Regions for a z-
Test
Decision Rule Based on Rejection Region
To use a rejection region to conduct a hypothesis test,
calculate the standardized test statistic, z. If the
standardized test statistic
1. is in the rejection region, then reject H0.
2. is not in the rejection region, then fail to reject H0.
Fail to reject Ho. Fail to reject Ho.

Reject Ho. Reject Ho.


z z
z < z0 z0 0 0 z0 z > z0
Fail to reject Ho.
Left-Tailed Test Right-Tailed Test
Reject Ho. Reject Ho.
z
z < z0 z0 0 z0 z > z0
Two-Tailed Test
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 35
Rejection Regions for a z-
Test
Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a
Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
and alternative hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of Identify .
significance.
3. Sketch the sampling
Use Table of z.
distribution.
4. Determine the critical value(s).
5. Determine the rejection
regions(s). Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 36
Rejection Regions for a z-
Test
Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a
Mean μ
In Words In Symbols
xμ
6. Find the standardized test z= or if n �30
σ
statistic. n
use σ �s.

7. Make a decision to reject or fail If z is in the


to reject the null hypothesis. rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the reject H0.
context of the original claim.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 37


Testing with Rejection
Regions
Example:
A local telephone company claims that the average
length of a phone call is 8 minutes. In a random
sample of 58 phone calls, the sample mean was 7.8
minutes and the standard deviation was 0.5
minutes. Is there enough evidence to support this
claim at  = 0.05?
H0:  = 8 (Claim) Ha:   8
The level of significance is  =
0.05.

0.025 0.025
z
z0 = 1.96 0 z0 = 1.96

Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 38
Testing with Rejection
Regions
Example continued:
A local telephone company claims that the average
length of a phone call is 8 minutes. In a random
sample of 58 phone calls, the sample mean was 7.8
minutes and the standard deviation was 0.5
minutes. Is there enough evidence to support this
Hclaim at (Claim)
0:  = 8
= 0.05? Ha:   8
The standardized test statistic is The test statistic falls
xμ 7.8  8
z= = in the rejection
σ n 0.5 58 region, so H0 is
�3.05. rejected.
z
z0 = 1.96 0 z0 = 1.96

At the 5% level of significance, there is enough evidence to


reject the claim that the average length of a phone call is 8
minutes. Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 39
Hypothesis
Testing for the
Mean (Small
Samples)
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 40
Critical Values in a t-
Distribution
Finding Critical Values in a t-Distribution
1. Identify the level of significance .
2. Identify the degrees of freedom d.f. = n – 1.
3. Find the critical value(s) using Table of t in the row
with n – 1 degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis
test is
a. left-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a
negative sign,
b. right-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a
positive sign,
c. two-tailed, use “Two Tails,  ” column with a
negative and a positive sign.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 41


Finding Critical Values for t
Example:
Find the critical value t0 for a right-tailed test given  =
0.01 and n = 24.

The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 24 – 1 = 23.

To find the critical value, use Table 5 with d.f. = 23 and


0.01 in the “One Tail,  “ column. Because the test is a
right-tail test, the critical value is positive.
t0 = 2.500

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 42


Finding Critical Values for t
Example:
Find the critical values t0 and t0 for a two-tailed test
given  = 0.10 and n = 12.

The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 12 – 1 = 11.

To find the critical value, use Table 5 with d.f. = 11 and


0.10 in the “Two Tail,  “ column. Because the test is a
two-tail test, one critical value is negative and one is
positive.
t0 =  1.796 and t0 = 1.796

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 43


t-Test for a Mean μ (n < 30, 
Unknown)
The t-test for the mean is a statistical test for a
population mean. The t-test can be used when the
population is normal or nearly normal,  is unknown,
and n < 30.

xμ
t=
s n

The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 .

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 44


t-Test for a Mean μ (n < 30, 
Unknown)
Using the t-Test for a Mean μ (Small Sample)
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
and alternative hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of Identify .
significance.
d.f. = n – 1.
3. Identify the degrees of freedom
and sketch the sampling
distribution.
Use Table of t
4. Determine any critical values.
5. Determine any rejection
Continued.
region(s).
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 45
t-Test for a Mean μ (n < 30, 
Unknown)
Using the t-Test for a Mean μ (Small Sample)
In Words In Symbols
6. Find the standardized test xμ
t=
statistic. s
n

7. Make a decision to reject or fail If t is in the


to reject the null hypothesis. rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the reject H0.
context of the original claim.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 46


Testing μ Using Critical
Values
Example:
A local telephone company claims that the average
length of a phone call is 8 minutes. In a random
sample of 18 phone calls, the sample mean was 7.8
minutes and the standard deviation was 0.5
minutes. Is there enough evidence to support this
claim at  = 0.05?
H0:  = 8 (Claim) Ha:   8
The level of significance is  =
0.05.
The test is a two-tailed test.
Degrees of freedom are d.f. = 18 – 1 = 17.

The critical values are t0 = 2.110 and t0 =


Continued.
2.110
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 47
Testing μ Using Critical
Values
Example continued:
A local telephone company claims that the average
length of a phone call is 8 minutes. In a random
sample of 18 phone calls, the sample mean was 7.8
minutes and the standard deviation was 0.5
minutes. Is there enough evidence to support this
Hclaim at (Claim)
0:  = 8
= 0.05? Ha:   8
The standardized test statistic is The test statistic falls
xμ 7.8  8
t= = in the nonrejection
s n 0.5 18 region, so H0 is not
�1.70. rejected.
z
z0 = 2.110 0 z0 = 2.110

At the 5% level of significance, there is not enough evidence to


reject the claim that the average length of a phone call is 8
minutes.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 48
Testing μ Using P-values
Example:
A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable
batteries have an average life greater than 1,000
charges. A random sample of 10 batteries has a
mean life of 1002 charges and a standard deviation
of 14. Is there enough evidence to support this
claim
H at  = 0.01?
0:   1000 Ha:  > 1000
The level of significance is (Claim)
=
0.01.
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 10 – 1 = 9.
The standardized test statistic is
xμ 1002  1000
t= =
s n 14 10
�0.45 Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 49
Testing μ Using P-values
Example continued:
A manufacturer claims that its rechargeable
batteries have an average life greater than 1,000
charges. A random sample of 10 batteries has a
mean life of 1002 charges and a standard deviation
of 14. Is there enough evidence to support this
claim
H0:   at  = 0.01? Ha:  > 1000 (Claim)
1000
t = 0.45 Using the d.f. = 9 row from Table 5, you can
determine that P is greater than  = 0.25 and is
therefore also greater than the 0.01 significance
0 0.45 z level. H0 would fail to be rejected.
At the 1% level of significance, there is not enough evidence
to support the claim that the rechargeable battery has an
average life of at least 1000 charges.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 50
Hypothesis
Testing for
Proportions

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 51


z-Test for a Population
Proportion
The z-test for a population is a statistical test for a
population proportion. The z-test can be used when a
binomial distribution is given such that np  5 and nq 
5.

The test statistic is the sample proportion and the
standardized test statistic is z.

ˆ
pμ p p
z= pˆ
= ˆ
σ pˆ pq n

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 52


Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Using a z-Test for a Proportion p
Verify that np  5 and nq  5.
In Words In Symbols
1. State the claim mathematically State H0 and Ha.
and verbally. Identify the null
and alternative hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of Identify .
significance.
3. Sketch the sampling
Use Table 4 in
distribution.
Appendix B.
4. Determine any critical values.

Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 53
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Using a z-Test for a Proportion p
Verify that np  5 and nq  5.
In Words In Symbols
5. Determine any rejection
regions. p̂  p
z=
6. Find the standardized test pq n
statistic.
If z is in the
7. Make a decision to reject or fail rejection region,
to reject the null hypothesis. reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the
reject H0.
context of the original claim.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 54


Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example:
Statesville college claims that more than 94% of
their graduates find employment within six months
of graduation. In a sample of 500 randomly
selected graduates, 475 of them were employed.
Is there enough evidence to support the college’s
claim at a 1% level of significance?

Verify that the products np and nq are at least 5.


np = (500)(0.94) = 470 and nq = (500)(0.06)
= 30
H0: p  0.94 Ha: p > 0.94
(Claim)
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 55
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example continued:
Statesville college claims that more than 94% of
their graduates find employment within six months
of graduation. In a sample of 500 randomly
selected graduates, 475 of them were employed.
Is there enough evidence to support the college’s
claim at a 1% level of significance?
H0: p  0.94 Ha: p > 0.94 (Claim)
Because the test is a right-tailed test and  = 0.01, the
critical value is 2.33. p̂  p = 0.95  0.94
z=
pq n (0.94)(0.06) 500
�0.94 Test statistic
0 2.33 z
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 56
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example continued:
Statesville college claims that more than 94% of
their graduates find employment within six months
of graduation. In a sample of 500 randomly
selected graduates, 475 of them were employed.
Is there enough evidence to support the college’s
claim at a 1% level of significance?
H0: p  0.94 Ha: p > 0.94 (Claim)

The test statistic falls


2.33 z in the nonrejection
z = 0.94 0
region, so H0 is not
rejected.
At the 1% level of significance, there is not enough evidence
to support the college’s claim.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 57
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example:
A cigarette manufacturer claims that one-eighth of
the US adult population smokes cigarettes. In a
random sample of 100 adults, 5 are cigarette
smokers. Test the manufacturer's claim at  =
0.05.
Verify that the products np and nq are at least 5.
np = (100)(0.125) = 12.5 and nq = (100)(0.875)
= 87.5
H0: p = 0.125 (Claim) Ha: p  0.125

Because the test is a two-tailed test and  = 0.05,


the critical values are ± 1.96.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 58
Hypothesis Test for
Proportions
Example continued:
A cigarette manufacturer claims that one-eighth of
the US adult population smokes cigarettes. In a
random sample of 100 adults, 5 are cigarettes
smokers. Test the manufacturer's claim at  = 0.05.
H0: p = 0.125 (Claim) Ha: p  0.125

2.27 The test statistic


z is p̂  p = 0.05  0.125
z0 = 1.96 0 z0 = 1.96 z=
pq n (0.125)(0.875) 100
�2.27 Reject H0.
At the 5% level of significance, there is enough
evidence to reject the claim that one-eighth of the
population smokes.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 59
Exercises:
Z – Test for Population Mean
1. An automobile manufacturer recommends that
any purchaser of one of its new cars bring it in to a
dealer for 3000 mi checkup. The company wishes to
know whether the true average mileage at which
this initial servicing is done differs from 3000. A
random sample of 50 recent purchases resulted in a
sample average mileage of 3208 mi and a sample
standard deviation of 273 mi. Does the data
strongly suggest that true average mileage for this
checkup is something other than the value
recommended by the company. State and test the
relevant hypothesis using level of significance 0.01.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 60
Exercises:
t – Test for population mean
1. A paint manufacturer company claims that the
mean drying time for its paint is not more than 45
minutes. A random sample of 20 gallons of paints
selected from the production line of this company
showed that the mean drying time for this sample is
50 minutes with a standard deviation of 3 minutes.
Assume that the drying times for these paints have a
normal distribution. Using 5% significant level, would
you include the company’s claim is true?

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 61


Exercises:
Z – test for Population proportion
1. Telekom is trying to decide whether some new lines
in a large community should be installed
underground. Because a small surcharge will be
added to telephone bills to pay for extra installation
costs, the company has decided to survey customers
and proceed only if the survey strongly indicates that
more than 60% of all customers favor underground
installation. If 118 of 160 customers surveyed favor
underground installation in spite of the surcharge,
what should the company do? Test using significant
level 0.05.

Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e 62

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