L102 13b

Fluid
Fluid Flow
Flow and
and Continuity
Continuity
Imagine that a fluid flows with a speed v1 through a cylindrical pip of
cross-sectional area A1.
If the pipe narrows to a cross-

sectional area A2, as in the
right-hand portion of the
Figure, the fluid will flow with a
new speed, v2.
Any amount of fluid that passes point 1 in a given time , ∆ t, must also flow past the
.point 2 in the same time
To find the mass of fluid passing point 1 in the time ∆ t, note that the fluid moves
through a distance v1 ∆ t in this time. As a result, the volume of fluid going past point
1 is
∆V1 = A1v1∆t
Fluid
Fluid Flow
Flow and
and Continuity
Continuity
the volume of fluid going past point 1 is
∆V1 = A1v1∆t
Hence, the mass of fluid passing point 1 is
∆m1 = ρ1∆V1 = ρ1 A1v1∆t

,Similarly, the mass passing point 2 in the same time
∆m2 = ρ 2 ∆V2 = ρ 2 A2 v2 ∆t
ρ1 A1v1 = ρ 2 A2 v2
∆m1 = ∆m2
ρ1 A1v1∆t1 = ρ 2 A2 v2 ∆t Equation of Continuity
Example 7: Spray I
Water travels through a 9.6 cm diameter fire hose with a speed of 1.3 m/s.
At the end of the hoe, the water flows out through nozzle whose diameter
is 2.5 cm. What is the speed of the water coming out of the nozzle?
 A1 
v2 = v1  
 A2 
A = πd 2 / 4
 πd12 / 4   d12 
v2 = v1  2  = v1  2 
 πd 2 / 4   d2 
2
d 2
  9.6 cm 
v2 = v1  1
2
 = (1.3m / s )   = 19 m / s
d2   2.5 cm 
Physics 102
Part II
Thermal Physics
Temperature and Heat
Lecture 13
Moza M. Al-Rabban
Professor of Physics
mmr@qu.edu.qa
Temperature and the Zeroth
Law of Thermodynamics
• Heat is the energy transferred between
objects because of a temperature
difference.
Therefore, when we say that there is a “transfer of

heat” or a “ heat flow” from object A to object B,
it means that the total energy of object A
decreases and the total energy of object B
increases.
Heat
• Definition: Flow of energy between two objects due to

difference in temperature
– Note: similar to WORK
– Object does not “have” heat (it has energy)
Temperature
How hot or cold an objects feels?
Thermal Contact
� Two objects are in thermal contact if they can exchange energy by
• Heat (includes conduction)
• Electromagnetic radiation
� Energy is exchanged when there is a temperature difference
� Thermal contact does not have to also be physical contact
•Thermal Equilibrium
� Thermal equilibrium is a when two objects would not exchange energy
by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal

contact. The transfer of heat ceases.
� Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature
� Objects at different temperatures are not in thermal equilibrium
• They will exchange energy if brought into thermal contact
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

� If objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C
• Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Thermometers
• Make use of physical properties that change
with temperature
• Many physical properties can be used
– volume of a liquid
– length of a solid
– pressure of a gas held at constant volume
– volume of a gas held at constant pressure
– electric resistance of a conductor
– color of a very hot object
Temperature scales
Celsius Scale
• Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 0º
C
– This is the freezing point of water
• Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as
100º C
– This is the boiling point of water
• Distance between these points is divided into 100
segments
• There is no upper limit to the value a temperature
may have.
• There is a lower limit, however. For the Celsius
scale, it is -273.15 °C.
A temperature of five degrees is 5 °C (five degrees Celsius)

A temperature change of five degrees is 5 C ° ( five Celsius degrees)
The Fahrenheit Scale
• Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 32º F
– This is the freezing point of water
• Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 212º C
– This is the boiling point of water
• Distance between these points is divided into 180 segments
Note that the Fahrenheit scale has :

• Different zero than the Celsius scale
• Different “size” for its degree.
•The Fahrenheit degrees are smaller by factor of 100/180 = 5/9
Conversion between Degrees Celsius and Degrees
Fahrenheit
9 ο ο 
TF =  F / C TC + 32 ο F
5 
Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees

Celsius
5 ο ο 
( ο
TC =  C / F  TF − 32 F )
9 
Example:1 Temperature Conversions
(a) On a fine spring day you notice that temperature is 75 F. What is the
corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale?
(b) If the temperature on a brisk winter morning is – 2.0 C, what is the corresponding
Fahrenheit temperature?
Part (a)
TC =  C / F (TF − 32 ο F )
5 ο ο 
9 
5
= ( 75 − 32) = 24 ο C
9
Part (b) 9 ο ο 
TF =  F / C TC + 32 ο F
5 
9
= ( − 2.0 ) + 32 = 28 ο F
5
Absolute Zero
• Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas

• Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume
• All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressure

• This temperature is absolute zero
Example 2: It’s a Gas
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 80.0 kPa
at 0.00 C. Assuming ideal behavior, as in the Figure, what is the pressure
of this gas at 105 C?
1. Calculate the rate at which

pressure increases for this gas:
80.0 kPa ο
rate = = 0.293 kPa / C
273.15C ο
2. Multiply this rate by the temperature change from -273.15 C to 105 C:
( 0.293kPa / C )( 378C ) = 111kPa

Kelvin Scale
• When the pressure of a
gas goes to zero, its
temperature is –273.15º C
• This temperature is called
absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scale

–273.15º C = 0 K
To convert:
T = TC + 273.15
Modern Definition of Kelvin
Scale
• Defined in terms of two points
– Agreed upon by International Committee on
Weights and Measures in 1954
• First point is absolute zero
• Second point is the triple point of water
– Triple point is the single point where water
can exist as solid, liquid, and gas
• Same temperature and pressure
• Occurs at 0.01º C and P = 4.58 mm Hg
A comparison of temperature scales
Question
You measure your body temperature with a thermometer calibrated in
degrees Kelvin, 98 F. Convert it to Kelvin temperature scale
1. 307 K
2. 310 K 98oF ~ 37oC ~ 310oK
3. 313 K
4. 317 K
5
TC =  C ο / F ο (TF − 32ο F )

9 
5
= ( 98− 32) = 36.67ο C
9
T = TC + 273.15
= 36.67+ 273.15= 309.8≈ 310K
Thermal
Thermal Expansion
Expansion
• The thermal expansion of an object is a
consequence of the change in the average
separation between its constituent atoms or
molecules
• At ordinary temperatures, molecules vibrate
with a small amplitude
• As temperature increases, the amplitude
increases
This causes the overall object as a
whole to expand
Linear Expansion
Linear Expansion
• For small changes in temperature
∆L = α Lo ∆t
• The coefficient of linear expansion, α , depends
on the material
• SI unit for α : K −1 = (C ο ) −1
– These are average coefficients, they can vary

somewhat with temperature
Applications
A bimetallic strip
Thermometer
Thermostat
Thermal Expansion joints
Area Expansion
●Two dimensions expand
∆A = γ Ao ∆t, γ = 2α
Question
• You are given a 4.000-cm diameter steel ball
bearing and a brass plate with a 3.994-cm diameter hole
at room temperature (20C). You are asked to squeeze
the steel ball through the brass plate. You are allowed to
increase or decrease the temperature of the two objects.
However, they should both be at equal temperature at all
times. What can you do to succeed?
(α brass = 2 x 10-5 /C, α steel = 1 x 10-5 /C)
Cool the ball and the plate.

Heat the ball and the plate.
You can never succeed.
Volume Expansion
• Three dimensions expand
∆V = β Vo ∆t
for solids, β = 3α
– For liquids, only coefficient of volume

expansion exists
Example 3 Oil Spill
A copper flask with a volume of 150 cm3 is filled to the brim with olive oil.
If the temperature of the system is increased from 6.0 C to 31 C, how
much oil spills from the flask?
1. Calculate the change

in volume of the oil
∆Voil = β V∆T
( )( )
= 0.68 × 10 −3 K −1 150cm3 ( 25K ) = 2.6 cm3
2. Calculate the change in volume of the flask:
∆V flask = 3αV∆T
( )( )
= 3 17 ×10 −6 K −1 150cm3 ( 25K ) = 0.19 cm3
3. Find the difference in volume expansions. This is the volume of oil that
spills out:
∆Voil − ∆V flask = 2.6 cm3 − 0.19 cm3 = 2.4 cm3
Special
Special Properties
Properties of
of Water
Water
The unusual behavior of
water near 4 C.
The density of water

actually increases as
the water is heated
between 0 C and 4 C.
Maximum density occurs
near 4 C.
End Of Lecture 13

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Fluid

If the pipe narrows to a cross-

Hence, the mass of fluid passing point 1 is

∆m1 = ρ1∆V1 = ρ1 A1v1∆t

Therefore, when we say that there is a “transfer of

• Definition: Flow of energy between two objects due to

by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

A temperature of five degrees is 5 °C (five degrees Celsius)

Note that the Fahrenheit scale has :

Conversion between Degrees Fahrenheit and Degrees

• Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas

• All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at 0 pressure

1. Calculate the rate at which

( 0.293kPa / C )( 378C ) = 111kPa

This is the zero point of the Kelvin scale

– These are average coefficients, they can vary

Cool the ball and the plate.

– For liquids, only coefficient of volume

1. Calculate the change

The density of water

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