Research Design: By: Hazel Marianne L. Mariano

RESEARCH DESIGN
By: Hazel Marianne L. Mariano

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• describe the status of an identified variable such
as events, people or subjects as they exist
• make some type of comparison contrasts and

correlation and sometimes cause-effect
relationships may be established to some extent
Sound of
DESIGNS
• Descriptive Normative Surveys:
- describe the trends in a large population of
individuals
- identify the trends in attitudes, opinions,
behaviors or characteristics
DESIGNS
• Correlational Research Studies:
- estimate the extent to which different
variables are related to one another
- include identification of the variables, the
group of subjects where the variables will be
applied, and the estimation procedure to
determine the extent of relationships
DESIGNS
• Correlational Research Studies:
- NOTE: If there is a significant relationship
between two variables, it does not follow that
one variable causes the other.
DESIGNS
• Descriptive Evaluative Studies:
- judge the “goodness of a criterion measure”.
- Longitudinal studies establish the changes in
that criterion measure over a long period of
time.
DESIGNS
• Descriptive Evaluative Studies:
- Cross-sectional studies are designed to
evaluate changes over time by comparing at
the same point in time, different people
representing different stages in the
development.
DESIGNS
• Assessment/Evaluation Studies:
- attempt to determine the effectiveness or
efficiency of certain practices or policies when
applied to a group of respondents
DESIGNS
• Assessment/Evaluation Studies:
- Assessment studies imply measurement of key
indicators without attaching any judgment
- Evaluation studies imply putting judgment and
valuing to the measurements obtained
DESIGNS
• Descriptive Comparative Studies:
- establish significant differences between two
or more groups of subjects on the basis of a
criterion measure
- no attempts to control the effects of
extraneous factors are made
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• are also known as longitudinal or repeated-
measures studies
• use the scientific method to establish the cause-

effect relationship among a group of variables
that make up a study
DESIGNS
• An independent variable is manipulated to
determine the effects on the dependent
variables.
• Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental

treatments.
DESIGNS
• An enormous difference between the descriptive
method of research and experimental method of
research is the presence of control in the latter
design.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• to collect, verify, and synthesize evidence from
the past to establish facts that defend or refute
your hypothesis
• uses secondary sources and variety of primary

documentary evidence
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
• logs, diaries, official records, reports, archives,
and non-textual information like maps, pictures,
audio and visual recordings
• sources must be both authentic and valid

SAMPLING
• process of getting information from a proper
subset of population
• describe the population characteristics through

the values obtained from a sample as accurately
as possible
SAMPLING PLAN
• detailed outline of which measurements will be
taken at what times, on which material, in what
manner, and by whom that support the purpose
of an analysis
SAMPLE SIZE
• Given a population frame, the first question a
researcher often asks is the question of sample
size.
• The Slovin’s formula may be applied: n =

N/(1+Ne2) where N = population size and e =
error balance.
-n
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
• Probability Sampling
- samples are obtained using objective chance
mechanism, thus involving randomization
- only approach that makes possible
representative sampling plans
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
• Non-probability sampling is a technique when
there is no way of estimating the probability that
each element has of being included in the
sample and no assurance that every element has
a chance of being included.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Simple random sampling:
- each member of the sample is selected by the
equivalent draw lots
- sample is selected in two ways: by a table of
random numbers or by the lottery technique
• Systematic random sampling:
- uses a list of elements of the population as a
sampling frame and the elements to be
included in the desired sample are selected by
skipping
- starting point to be taken is a random choice.
• Systematic random sampling:
- Use the formula k = N/n where k = sampling
interval, N = population size and n = number of
samples needed.
• Stratified random sampling
- population is first divided into strata and then
samples are randomly selected separately
from each stratum
- number of units drawn from each stratum
depends on the ratio of the desired sample in
the population (n/N)
• Clustered random sampling
- entire population is broken into small groups,
or clusters, then some of the clusters are the
ones that are analyzed
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• Accidental or convenience sampling
- the investigator reaches out and takes the
cases that are at hand, continuing the process
until the sample reaches a designated size
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• Accidental or convenience sampling
- also known as “the man on the street”
interviews
- lack of evidence that they are the
representatives of the population you are
interested in generalizing
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• Purposive sampling or judgment sampling
- used when practical consideration prevent the
use of probability sampling
- you sample with a purpose in mind.
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• Purposive sampling or judgment sampling
- from judgmental samples at best indicate
conclusions but in general they cannot be used
as the basis of statistical testing procedures
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• Snowball sampling
- identifies cases of interest from people who
know other people who would be a good
interview participant
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Research Design: By: Hazel Marianne L. Mariano

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Research Design: By: Hazel Marianne L. Mariano

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RESEARCH DESIGN

By: Hazel Marianne L. Mariano

• make some type of comparison contrasts and

• use the scientific method to establish the cause-

• Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental

• uses secondary sources and variety of primary

• sources must be both authentic and valid

• describe the population characteristics through

• The Slovin’s formula may be applied: n =

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