Antenna Ass 1

Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Communication and Electronics Department
Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation – ECEG-4304

Fundamental Parameters Of Antenna
Presentation 4 :
Prepared by:-
Dagmawi Tibebu
Saron Dagnachew
Yonas Desta
1
Topics to be covered
Antenna
 Directivity
Beam
 Solid Angle
Antenna
 Gain
Antenna
 Efficiency
Beam
 Efficiency
2
 What is Antenna Directivity ?
 How Do we measure it?
 What is Beam solid angle?
Presented By:- Dagmawi Tibebu

What is Directivity D ?
Definition:- Is a measure of the concentration of radiated
in a particular direction.
The directivity of antenna always exceeds unity, that is, D ≥ 1
Increased directivity implies a more 'focused' or 'directional' antenna.
The directivity of an ideal short dipole is the same as its gain
One can determine D by using Radiation pattern.
Page 1 of 2
What is Directivity
D ?
 The term directivity is also used with other systems.
With directional couplers, directivity is a measure of the difference in dB of

the power output at a coupled port, when power is transmitted in the desired
direction, to the power output at the same coupled port when the same
amount of power is transmitted in the opposite direction.
In acoustics, it is used as a measure of the radiation pattern from source
indicating how much of the total energy from the source is radiating in a
particular direction.
In electro-acoustics, these patterns commonly include omnidirectional,

cardioid and hyper-cardioid microphone polar patterns. A loudspeaker with
a high degree of directivity (narrow dispersion pattern) can be said to have
a high Q.
Page 2 of 2
How do we measure Directivity ?
 Mathematically we can define D as, the ratio of its radiation intensity in a given
direction over that of an isotropic source.
U 4 U
D  
U0 Prad
 If the direction is not specified, then (maximum directivity) expressed as
U max U max 4 U max

Dmax  D0   
U0 U0 Prad
 Where the quantities and satisfy the relation
  2  
Prad 


0 

0
U sin  d d
Page 1 of 2
Directivity continued..
 Total maximum directivity D0 for the orthogonal  and  components of an
antenna can be written as:-
DO  D  D
 The directivity is rarely expressed as the unitless number but rather as a decibel
comparison to a reference antenna:
 D 
DdB  10.log10  
 Dreference
 

The reference antenna is usually the theoretical perfect isotropic radiator, having a
directivity of 1dB or theoretical perfect half-wave dipole, which radiates
perpendicular to itself with a directivity of 1.64 dBs.
Page 2 of 2
Directivity Continued..
Page 3 of 3
A
Beam Solid Angle
 The solid angle  is the angle subtended by a plane area at a given

point.
The steradian or square radian is SI unit of Solid angle.
Area
   2  sr
 r 
 The entire sphere has solid angle of 4 sr .
The beam solid angle  A is the solid angle through which all the power
of the antenna would flow if its radiation intensity is constant for all
angles within it. 2 
A    F   ,   sin  d d
0 0
n
Page 1 of 2
Beam Solid Angle (continued..)
6
Antenna Directivity
Beam Solid Angle
Antenna Gain
Antenna Efficiency
Beam Efficiency
Presenter:- Saron Dagnachew

What is Antenna Gain ?
An antenna's gain is a key performance number which combines the

antenna's directivity and electrical efficiency.
In a transmitting antenna, the gain describes how well the antenna converts
input power into radio waves headed in a specified direction.
In a receiving antenna, the gain describes how well the antenna converts
radio waves arriving from a specified direction into electrical power.
An antenna's gain is a key performance number which combines the
antenna's directivity and electrical efficiency.
7
FAQs on Antenna Gain
What is 3dB gain?

Why is gain less than directivity?
What is negative antenna gain?
What is low gain?
Is more antenna gain better?
Why does antenna gain increase with frequency?
7
Antenna Directivity
Beam Solid Angle
Antenna Gain
Beam Efficiency
Antenna Efficiency
Presenter:- Yonas Desta

 ( ) ?
What is Beam efficiency M
The beam area ΩA (or beam solid angle) consists of the main beam area (or
solid angle) ΩM plus the minor-lobe area (or solid angle) Ω m .
  A  M  m 
The ratio of the main beam area to the (total) beam area is called the (main)
beam efficiency M . 
  m
 
 M 
 A 
Thus, the beam efficiency is the measure of the amount of power received
or transmitted by minor lobes relative to the major lobe.
The maximum energy radiated by the beam, with minimum losses can be
termed as beam efficiency.
Page 1 of 1
Antenna Efficiency ?
 Total radiation efficiency of an antenna is used to estimate the total loss of
energy at the input terminals of the antenna and within the antenna
structure.
e  e .e .e
o r c d
 It includes all mismatch losses, and the dielectric/conduction losses.
 Mathematically, we can calculate by taking the ratio of power radiated to

the power supplied.
Prad Rr
eo  
Pin Rr  RL
Page 1 of 2
Antenna Efficiency (continued..)
 A low efficiency antenna has most of the power absorbed as losses with
in antenna.
 A high efficiency antenna has most of the power present at the input
of antenna.
Page 2 of 2

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Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Communication and Electronics Department

Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation – ECEG-4304

Presented By:- Dagmawi Tibebu

With directional couplers, directivity is a measure of the difference in dB of

In electro-acoustics, these patterns commonly include omnidirectional,

U max U max 4 U max

 The solid angle  is the angle subtended by a plane area at a given

Presenter:- Saron Dagnachew

An antenna's gain is a key performance number which combines the

What is 3dB gain?

Presenter:- Yonas Desta

 Mathematically, we can calculate by taking the ratio of power radiated to

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