Chapter 8 - Fluid

The effects of pressure, its relationship to depth of liquid and force:
Define a fluid, volume, mass, density

Measures density of liquid using a hydrometer’
Define pressure, unit, atmospheric pressure (i.e Force/Area)
Explain in simple terms what is meant by:
-Atmospheric pressure
-Vacuum
-Partial vacuum
-Absolute zero pressure
-Gauge pressure
Draw a simple diagram of a:
-Piezometer
-Manometer
-Simple barometer
-Bourdon pressure gauge
1
FLUID
•Fluid isa substance that continually deforms (flows) under an
applied shear stress.
•Liquids and gases both flow, and are called fluids.
VOLUME
•Volume - how much three-dimensional space a substance or shape
occupies
•The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity
of the container.
•SI unit, the cubic meter (m3).
**Note:
1 m3 = 1x10 6 cm3
1liter = 1x10-3 m3
2
MASS
•Mass - fundamental measure of the amount of matter in the object .
•Units (SI): kilograms (kg)
DENSITY
•Density is a measurement of mass in a substance.
•The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume.
•SI Unit : kgm-3
mass(kg )
density 
volume(m 3 )
3
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (RELATIVE DENSITY)
•SG - a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the
substance to the density of water at a specified temperature.
•SG can be expressed by the following formula :
density of a substance
SG 
density of water
density of a substance
SG 
1000 kg / m 3
•Density of water 1000 kg/m3
4
Example 1:
If the relative density of iron is 7.85, calculate the density of iron.
Solution :
Ans = 7850 kg/m3

5
Example 2:
A container with dimension of 15 cm x 10 cm x 20 cm is filled with a
liquid. Calculate the density of the liquid if its weight is 30 N.
Solution :
Ans = 1020 kg/m3

6
• A hydrometer is an instrument used to
measure the specific gravity of liquids.
• A hydrometer is usually made of glass and
consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb
weighted with mercury or lead shot to make
it float upright.
• The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall
container, often a graduated cylinder, and
the hydrometer is lowered into the liquid
until it floats freely.
• The point at which the surface of the liquid
touches the stem of the hydrometer is
noted.
• Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside
the stem, so that the specific gravity can be
read directly.
7
• The pressure is just the weight of all the fluid above you.
• Pressure is defined as the force per unit area.
F
P
A
where :
F = force acting perpendicular to the surface area
A = surface area
SI Unit : Nm-2 @ Pascal (Pa)
**Note:
1 Pa = 1 Nm-2
1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 760 mmHg
8
Example 3:
Suppose the pressure acting on the back of a swimmer’s hand is

1.2x105 Pa. The surface area of the back of the hand is 8.4x10-3m2.
Determine the magnitude of the force that acts on it.
Solution :
Ans = 1008 N
9
F W mg  V  g Ahg
P      hg
A A A A A
P  hg
where :
P = Pressure
h = Depth below the surface
of the liquid
 = Liquid’s density
g = Acceleration of gravity
10
Pressure is measured based on the homogeneous fluid (constant
viscosity), the variation in depth and the gravitational constant.
This measured pressure is called gauge pressure, Pg.
where
Pg  hg
Atmospheric pressure, (P atm ) is a constant pressure due to the
weight of surrounding air normally taken as :
Patm = 1.013 x 105 Pa
If the atmosphere pressure is taken into consideration, total pressure

(absolute pressure) in a fluid is :
Pabs  Patm  hg

11
For a fluid (in an open tank) with
constant density,
Ptotal = Patm+ ρgh
It is easily remembered by thinking

about scuba diving. As a diver goes
down, the pressure on his ears
increases. So, the pressure "below" is
greater than the pressure "above."
Rules for above equation are:

If you can draw a continuous line
through the same fluid from point 1
to point 3, then
P1 = P2 if h1 = h2
P4 = P5 if h4 = h5
Pressure P2 does not equal P3 due to

different in viscosity. 12
Example 4 :
A diver dives into the sea to a depth of 120 m. Calculate
i) the pressure exerted on him at that depth
ii) the total pressure exerted on the diver
( Density of seawater is 1030 kg/m3, atmospheric pressure is
1.013 x 105 Pa)
Solution :
Ans = 1.21 x 106 Pa, 1.31 x 106 Pa 13

• Pascal’s principle says that :
When force is applied to a confined fluid, the change in pressure is
transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid as well as to the
enclosing walls without loss.
Key points :
• Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all directions.
• Pressure is acting perpendicular to the wall of vessel containing fluid.
• Pressure is transmitted throughout a static fluid without loss.
Thus;
P1  P2
F1 F2

A1 A2
14
15
• A piston with a small area A1 exerts a force F1 on a fluid, which connects a
larger piston of area A2,
A2 >> A1.
• The pressure is the same in both cylinders, so
16
Example 5 :
A car of weight 8000 N is lifted by using a car lifter device. Section area
of large piston is 300 cm2, while section area of small piston is 30 cm2.
What is the force that must be done in the small piston?
Solution :
Ans = 800 N
17
Example 6:
A barber raises his customer’s chair by applying a force of 150N to a

hydraulic piston of area 0.01 m2. If the chair is attached to a piston of
area 0.1 m2, how massive a customer can the chair raise? Assume the
chair itself has a mass of 5 kg.
Solution :
Ans = 147.9 kg 18
Example 7 :
A car of weight 14500 N car is raised with a hydraulic lift. If the radius of
the small piston is 4.0 cm, and the radius of the large piston is 17 cm,
find the force that must be exerted on the small piston to lift the car.
Solution :
Ans = 802.8 N
19
Vacuum
•Space in which there is no matter or in which the pressure is so low

that any particles in the space do not affect any processes being
carried on there.
•It is a condition well below normal atmospheric pressure A vacuum
can be created by removing air from a space using a
vacuum pump or by reducing the pressure using a fast flow of fluid
Partially vacuum
•An enclosed space from which part of the air or another gas has be
en removed.
•Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.
20
• Absolute zero pressure is a pressure measured relative to an
absolute vacuum.
• Gauge pressure is the difference between the absolute pressure and
atmospheric pressure: Pgauge = Pabs - Patm
21
- a tube, open at the top,
which is attached to a
vessel or a pipe
containing liquid at a
pressure (higher than
atmospheric) to be
measured.
- this method can only be
used for liquids (i.e.
not for gases) and only
when the liquid height is
convenient to measure.
- it must not be too small or
too large and pressure
changes must be
detectable.
22
 A device use to measure gas/air pressure.
 Consist of U-shaped tube partially filled with a liquid (mercury or
water).
For open ended manometer :
Pgas = Patm Pgas = Patm + PHg Pgas = Patm - PHg
Pgas > Patm Pgas < Patm
gas pushes Hg up atm pushes Hg down

23
 A device use to measure
atmospheric pressure, Patm.
 Common barometer is made Weight of
of along tube closed at one mercury
end and is filled with

mercury and then inverted h=
into a dish of mercury.
24
• Most widely used gauges
for measuring pressure in
liquids and gases of many
different types.
• Because such gauges are
simple to use, safe, and
inexpensive, as well as
highly accurate.
• Bourdon tubes are usable
when measuring both high
pressure and vacuum,
and they are important
components of devices
used to measure various
types of pressure,
including gauge, absolute,
and differential pressure.
25
Example 8 :
As shown in the figure, a column of water 40 cm high supports a 31 cm
column of an unknown fluid. What is the density of the unknown fluid.
(Density of water is 1000 kg/m3 )
Solution :
40 cm
31 cm
Ans = 1290.32 kg/m3

26

Chapter 8 - Fluid

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The effects of pressure, its relationship to depth of liquid and force:

Define a fluid, volume, mass, density

•SG can be expressed by the following formula :

•Density of water 1000 kg/m3

Ans = 7850 kg/m3

Ans = 1020 kg/m3

Suppose the pressure acting on the back of a swimmer’s hand is

This measured pressure is called gauge pressure, Pg.

Patm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

If the atmosphere pressure is taken into consideration, total pressure

Pabs  Patm  hg

It is easily remembered by thinking

Rules for above equation are:

Pressure P2 does not equal P3 due to

Ans = 1.21 x 106 Pa, 1.31 x 106 Pa 13

• The pressure is the same in both cylinders, so

A barber raises his customer’s chair by applying a force of 150N to a

•Space in which there is no matter or in which the pressure is so low

For open ended manometer :

Pgas = Patm Pgas = Patm + PHg Pgas = Patm - PHg

Pgas > Patm Pgas < Patm

gas pushes Hg up atm pushes Hg down

end and is filled with

Ans = 1290.32 kg/m3

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