WOOD POLISH, VARNISH

AND PAINTS
MADE BY :-
MANU GARG
SWATI SINGH
SHRUTI SETHI
DUSHYANT SINGH
ADITI GAUR
RUMAN SIDDIQUI
ANKITA GOEL
 WOOD FINISHES
Wood finishing refers to the process of refining or protecting a wooden surface, especially in the
production of furniture.
There are three major types of finish:
• Evaporative-Wax is an evaporative finish because it is dissolved in turpentine or petroleum distillates
to form a soft paste.
• Reactive-finishes may use solvents such as white spirits and naphtha as a base.
• Coalescing- Water based finishes

TYPES OF FINISHES
• Surface Coating : Highly durable for e.g. shellac,
lacquer polish and varnish.
• Natural finishes : Add lustre warmth and
character to the wood while protecting from
wear and tear .
• Pigmented finishes : looks like paint for e.g.
black lacquer.
• Penetrating finishes : Penetrates the wood
grain rather than setting up on the surface and
leaves no appreciable surface coating or film .
This is done with oil.
• Waxing : it seals and protects the wood
 VARNISH
• It is a transparent , hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing.
• It is a combination of dry oil , a resin and a thinner or solvent.
• Varnish is made by cooking a curing or semi-curing oil (linseed oil ,tung oil) with a
resin (pine tree)

TYPES OF VARNISH

• Exterior grade varnishes- weather resistant

• Yacht varnish – which will with stand exposure to salt water, especially suitable for
coastal climates.
• Clear varnish – that dry to matte, satin or gloss finish.
• Tinted varnish – available for colouring wood .As it does not penetrate the wood
like a true stain, there is always the possibility of colour loss. It is useful for
adjusting the colour of the work piece that has already been varnished.
 TYPE OF VARNISHES BASED ON THE TYPE OF RESIN

• Phenolic resin varnish - 1st synthetic varnish

• Alkyd resin varnish – It is cheaper then phenolic varnish
• Polyurethane varnish – heat resistant, water proof and extremely hard – wearing.
• Epoxy Resin- Thick, high-gloss, and transparent. Easy pour-on application for flat
surfaces.

TYPES OF VARNISHES BASED ON THE SOLVENT USED

1.Oil varnishes – Linseed oil is used as solvent in this type of varnish. oil varnishes dry
slowly. but they form hard and durable surface.

2. Spirit varnishes – Methylated spirits of wine are used as solvent in this type of
varnish.

3. Water varnishes – Shellac is dissolved in hot water and enough quantity of either
ammonia or borax or potash or soda is added such that shellac is dissolved. these
varnishes are used for varnishing maps, pictures, etc

4.Turpentine varnishes – Turpentine is used as solvent in this .These varnishes dry

quickly and posses light colours. they are not durable and tough as oil varnishes
 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARNISH
Varnish has six primary characteristics, each of which is the result of its reactive curing.

• Resistance to heat, wear, solvents, acids, and alkalis.

• Resistance to water and water-vapour exchange.
• Long curing time: Slow oxidation allows you plenty of time to brush varnish without it
getting tacky and dragging. But this also causes dust problems.
• Difficulty in repairing and stripping.- This is the flip side of good solvent and chemical
resistance.
• Difficulty in rubbing to an even sheen: This is the flip side of good scratch resistance.
• Skinning over in the can.- Since varnish cures by absorbing oxygen, any air left in a can of
varnish will begin to cure it. If there is enough air, the varnish will skin over.

Secondary characteristics

1.It should render the surface glossy.

2.It should dry rapidly and present a finished surface which is uniform in nature and pleasing
in appearance.
3.The colour of varnish should not fade away when the surface is exposed to atmospheric
actions.
4.The protecting film developed by varnish should be tough, hard and durable.
5. It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.
 APPLYING VARNISH
• STEP 1 Preparation of surface – the wood work is thoroughly rubbed
down by means of sand paper or pumice stone. The surface is then
made smooth and clean.
• STEP 2 Finishing bare wood with clear or tinted varnish – apply a sealer
coat thinned with mineral spirit. Use a soft cloth pad/brush to rub it.
• STEP 3 Apply 2nd coat by brush not less than 6 hours later.
• STEP 4 For a hard – wearing surface apply a 3rd coat in the same way.
• STEP 5 If dust particles settle on final gloss surface, either rub down and
varnish again or modify the finish with steel wool and wax
 POLISH ON WOOD
• It is a substance used to give something a smooth and shiny surface when rubbed in.
• The primary ingredients used to prepare polishes are polishing agents, solvents, and
emulsifiers. Auxiliary materials include preservatives, colorants, and fragrance.
• The waxes, polymers, and oils are used to improve the condition of the furniture surface
can be loosely grouped together and labeled as polishing agents.
• Common solvents include mineral spirits, turpentine, and naphtha.
• Proper blending of oil and water-soluble ingredients requires special chemicals known
as surfactants.
• Propellants are liquefied gases, which are used to dispense aerosol products as a spray.

PROCESS OF APPLYING POLISH

• Wooden surface is first painted with a putti made by mixing chalk powder and spirit or
the ready made putti is also used.
• Then the surface is smoothened by rubbing it through sand paper. After this, as told
earlier, a pad is made of cotton cloth and polish is applied on the wooden surface
through this pad.
• After 2-3 coats, the pad is dipped in only spirit and then last finishing touch is applied
with loose hands.
SPRAY POLISH- Easy to handle but cause damage to wood as it contains silicone oils and
other contaminants as their ingredients. Some sprays damages varnish
LIQUID POLISH
• Emulsion type : Waxes , oils and organic solvents in a water solution that it can be
applied easily on the furniture
• Oil type polish : non-drying and drying oils.

FRENCH POLISH
• The polish is made by dissolving shellac , a secretion of the lac insect , in industrial
alcohol. It can be burnished to an almost glass- like texture .
• It is vulnerable to scratching , susceptible to alcohol and water .
Applying French polish
• Use a soft brush to apply an even coat.
• Then after 15 to 20 min rub down lightly with
self – lubricating silicon 2nd coat .
• Then apply third coat and rub it with steel
wool dipped in wax polish.
 POLYURETHANE (PU) POLISH V/S REGULAR POLISH
POLYURETHANE POLISH REGULAR POLISH
Type Type
• There are two different types of • spirit and Melamine based polishes are
polyurethane polishes, water-based and two options.
solvent-based. • Spirit polish is very economical and
• Both leave a strong protective coat on provides good gloss to wood but it is not
the wood. that durable and does not resist
• PU polish is comparatively expensive scratches or stains. It also looses shine
compared to Melamine based polish and quickly.
carpenters prefer this polish as it can give • Melamine is more expensive than spirit
superior shining in shorter time using polish but adds great beauty to the
less labour. woodwork and resists scratches. The
• The PU polish is available in multiple polish is available in multiple stains that
stains that help getting the desired shade help getting the desired shade of wood.
of wood.

Raw Material Raw Material

Include monomers, polymers, stabilizers Wood filler/ filling materials, staining,
which protect the integrity of the polymer, sealing material and top coat as per finish
and colorants. required such as Varnish, Spirit , Melamine
based finish and tools for polishing.
 POLYURETHANE (PU) POLISH V/S REGULAR POLISH

Advantages Advantages
PU polish can give good finish in a shorter time. • Provides radiant beauty to the wood.
• Both water-based and solvent-based • Helps in protecting the wood by binding
polyurethane finishes can provide a beautiful the surface.
finish in matt, glossy or satin style.
• Water based Polyurethane is the most • Helps to prevent hairline cracks and
environmentally friendly finish. absorb the effects of scratching and
• It is odorless and quick drying. external damage.
• It reduces the maintenance requirement in a • Helps in reducing the transfer of moisture
furniture item as it creates a surface that has between the wood and the surrounding
excellent resistance to scratches and moisture. weather.
• Water base polyurethane is available in
commercial and domestic quality depending
on the durability required.

Disadvantages Disadvantages
• higher cost of the product. • Become yellowish with age.
• In solvent-based, the fumes are generated • It requires more labour and hard work to
while the polish is applied . achieve a good finish on the furniture.
• They can give a slight yellow tone to the wood
finish and on extremely light colored wood, it
can cause a noticeable color change.
• The PU finish darkens over time.
 PAINTS
 PAINTS PROVIDE A COLOURFUL AND PROTECTIVE FINISH FOR WOODS.
IT MAY BE USED OUTSIDE OR INSIDE.
 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN PAINTING;
SOFTWOOD KNOTS NEED TO BE SEALED WITH SHELLAC TO PREVENT
RESIN FROM OOZING OUT. THIS SEALER IS OFTEN CALLED KNOTTING.
 SHARP CORNERS NEED TO BE SLIGHTLY ROUNDED OFF TO PREVENT
THE PAINT SURFACE FROM SPLITTING.
 WHEN PAINTING A PRODUCT IT SHOULD BE SEALED WITH A PRIMER.
SECONDLY UNDERCOATS SHOULD BE APPLIED, SANDING DOWN
BETWEEN EACH COAT WITH A FINE GLASS PAPER.
 THERE ARE LOTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAINTS AVAILABLE IN MANY
DIFFERENT COLOURS FROM MATT, EGGSHELL TO GLOSS.
 EMULSION PAINTS, VINYL OR ACRYLIC RESIN ARE ALL WATER BASED
PAINTS. THEY ARE NOT WATERPROOF OR VERY DURABLE.
 OIL BASED PAINTS SOME OF WHICH ARE NON-DRIP ARE MORE
DURABLE AND WATERPROOF.
 POLYURETHANE PAINTS GO HARD WHEN EXPOSED TO AIR. THEY
PROVIDE A SCRATCH RESISTANT, TOUGH SURFACE SUITABLE FOR TOYS
 PAINTING SYSTEMS FOR WOODEN
SURFACES

NATURAL/ MANUFACTURED HARD/SOFT/PLY WOOD, PARTICLE

BOARD, ACOUSTIC BOARD, ETC.

CLEANING & SMOOTHING REMOVING KNOTS, SURFACE RESINS,

ETC.

FILLING USE OF BEEWAX, ADHESIVES &

SAWDUST, ETC.

PROGRESSIVE SANDING USE OF FINE GRAINED SANDPAPER FOR

SMOOTH CLEAR & CLEAN SURFACE

SEALER/PRIMER & PUTTY TO ENSURRE ABSENCE OF POROSITY,

SURFACE RESINS, ETC. FOR A DAMAGE
FREE FINISH

FINISH COATS ENAMEL, POLYURETHANE, MELAMINE,

VARNISH, BEEWAX, ETC.
 MARKET SURVEY

• CLEAR VARNISH – RS.140-200 per litre

• POLISH
Lakh dana – Rs. 300 per kg
Spirit – Rs. 120 per litre
Lacquer – 400 per litre
• Melamine polish – Rs. 300 per litre
• PU Polish – Rs. 600 per litre
• Touchwood – Rs. 200per litre
• Enamel paints – Rs. 250 per litre
• PU Paints – Rs. 500 per litre
• Metallic colours – Rs. 350 per litre
How to Varnish Wood.mp4