Unit 3 DNS (Domain Name System)
Unit 3 DNS (Domain Name System)
Unit 3 DNS (Domain Name System)
User
1
Host
name
Host
name
2
5
IP address
6 3 Query
IP address
Response 4
Transport layer
NAME SPACE
•the names assigned must be carefully selected.
•the names must be unique because the addresses are
unique.
• name space can be organized in two ways:
• Flat (a name is assigned to an address.a name is a
sequence of characters without any structure,it has no
meaning.cannot be used for internet because of no
central control-duplication,ambiguity)
• hierarchical.(each name is made of several
parts,central authority controls only part of name not
whole.eg.www.srmuniv.ac.in,www.vi.ac.in)
Domain names and labels
FQDN and PQDN
Domains-subtree of domain name space
Hierarchy of name servers
Zones and domains
DNS in the Internet
Generic Domains
Figure 19.9 Generic domains
Country Domains
Inverse Domain
RESOLUTION
3
4
8 7
2 5
9
6
10
Iterative resolution
5
6
3
4
1
2
7
8
9
10
DNS MESSAGES
c a t f i l e a IAC EC 1
Figure 20.6 Offer to enable an option
WILL
Will I enable the option?
DO or DONT
Do (or don’t) enable the option
Figure 20.7 Request to enable an option
DO
Do enable the option
WILL or WONT
I will (won’t) enable the option
Figure 20.8 Offer to disable an option
WONT
I won’t use the option any more
DONT
Don’t use it
Figure 20.9 Request to disable an option
DONT
Don’t use the option any more
WONT
I won’t
Example 20.1
Figure 20.10 shows an example of option negotiation. In this example,
the client wants the serverto echo each character sent to the server. In
other words, when a character is typed at the user keyboard terminal,
it goes to the server and is sent back to the screen of the user before
being processed. The echo option is enabled by the server because it is
the server that sends the characters back to the user terminal.
Therefore, the client should request from the server the enabling of the
option using DO. The request consists of three characters: IAC, DO,
and ECHO. The server accepts the request and enables the option. It
informs the client by sending the three-character approval: IAC,
WILL, and ECHO.
Figure 20.10 Example 20.1: Echo option
GO AHEAD 1
2 WILL TERMINAL TYPE
DO TERMINAL TYPE 3
GO AHEAD 4
5 WILL TERMINAL SPEED
Password: 10
GO AHEAD 11
12 XXXXX
GO AHEAD 13
14 cp file1 file2
Example 20.3
In this example, we show how the client switches to the character
mode. This requires that the client request the server to enable the
SUPPRESS GO AHEAD and ECHO options (see Figure 20.16).
Figure 20.16 Example 20.3
GO AHEAD 1
2 DO SUPPRESS GO AHEAD
WILL SUPPRESS GO AHEAD 3
4 DO ECHO
WILL ECHO 5
Login: 6
7 f
f 8
9 o
o 10
World Wide Web:
HTTP
ARCHITECTURE
The WWW is a distributed client-server service, in which a client using a
browser can access a service using a server. The service provided is
distributed over many locations called sites.
Each webpages contain some links to other webpages in the same or other
sites.
Static Documents
Dynamic Documents
Active Documents
Static document
Fixed content documents that are created and stored in server.
Client gets a copy of the document only.
Contents of file determined when file is created, not when it is used.
Prepared by any languages like
HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language),
XML(Extensible Markup Language)
XSL(Extensible Style Language)
XHTML(Extended Hypertext Markup Language)
Dynamic document using CGI
Java Script:
Script is in source code (text)and not binary.
If active part is small can be written in scripting language ;then interpreted and run by
client .
Active document using Java applet
Active document using client-site script
Note:
Connections
Communication
Command Processing
File Transfer
Anonymous FTP
Note:
3
DHCP packet format
Flag format
Option format
Options for DHCP
Option with tag 53
DHCP client transition diagram
Exchanging messages
Electronic Mail:
SMTP, POP
ARCHITECTURE
To explain the architecture of email, we give four scenarios. We begin with
the simplest situation and add complexity as we proceed. The fourth
scenario is the most common in the exchange of email.
First Scenario
Second Scenario
Third Scenario
Fourth Scenario
First scenario
Note:
POP3
IMAP4
POP3 and IMAP4
POP3
WEB-BASED MAIL
Some websites such as Hotmail and Yahoo provide email service to anyone
who accesses the site. Mail transfer and retrieval requires the use of
HTTP.